{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:56:51Z","timestamp":1781787411985,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Limited data exist on clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in low-middle income countries. We aimed to describe the clinical spectrum and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients at a tertiary-care center in Karachi, Pakistan.\r\nMethodology: We conducted an observational study of adult COVID-19 patients hospitalized between February-June 2020. Patients with a discharge diagnosis of COVID-19 and PCR positivity were included. We created logistic regression models to understand association of clinical characteristics with illness severity and in-hospital mortality.\r\nResults: The study population comprised 445 patients [67% males, median age 53 (IQR 40-64) years]. Majority of patients (N = 268; 60%) had \u2265 1 co-morbid [37.5% hypertension, 36.4% diabetes]. In-hospital mortality was 13%. Age \u2265 60 (aOR] =1.92; 95 %CI = 1.23-3.03), shortness of breath (aOR=4.43; 95% CI=2.73-7.22), CRP \u2265150mg\/L (aOR:1.77; 95% CI=1.09-2.85), LDH \u2265 500 I.U\/L (aOR:1.98; 95% CI=1.25-3.16), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) \u22655 (aOR:2.80; 95%CI = 1.77-4.42) and increase in serum creatinine (aOR:1.32; 95%CI=1.07-1.61) were independently associated with disease severity. Septic shock (aOR: 13.27; 95% CI=3.78-46.65), age \u2265 60 (aOR: 3.26; 95% CI=1.07-9.89), Ferritin \u2265 1500ng\/ml (aOR: 3.78; 95% CI=1.21-11.8), NLR \u2265 5 (aOR: 4.04; 95% CI=1.14-14.35) and acute kidney injury (aOR: 5.52; 95% CI=1.78-17.06) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.\r\nConclusions: We found multiple predictors to be independently associated with in-hospital mortality, except diabetes and gender. Compared to reports from other countries, the in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients was lower, despite a high burden of co-morbidities. Further research is required to explore reasons behind this dichotomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T21:01:19Z","timestamp":1620162079000},"page":"480-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19: Experience at a major tertiary care center in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nosheen","family":"Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiren","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Iffat Khanum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveera","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehra Abdul","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Faisal","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/14345\/2497","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/14345\/2497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T21:01:19Z","timestamp":1620162079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/14345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.14345","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}