{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:04:16Z","timestamp":1777424656800,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The region of Eastern Europe and \u0421entral Asia has a growing HIV epidemic. Kazakhstan is a country in Central Asia with an estimated 33,000 people living with HIV. The new HIV infections have increased by 29% since 2010. Evidence suggests that HIV testing strategies focused on social networks are effective methods to identify more people with undiagnosed HIV. We conducted a study to describe the optimized HIV case finding (OCF) intervention for people who inject drugs (PWID) and their partners in Kazakhstan.\nMethodology: The OCF is based on recruitment of the extended risk social networks of HIV-positive PWID, using a two-step recruitment algorithm.\nResults: There were 5,983 PWIDs and their partners tested for HIV, of those 149 (2.5%) received HIV-positive test results and the majority 145 (97%) were newly identified HIV-positive. The characteristics which had a statistically significant positive association with HIV-positive test results included: age group 15-19 (OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.44-11.7); age group 20-24 (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.03-3.8); age group 50+ (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.48-4.1); male sex (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.2-2.6), participants who have previously received harm reduction services (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.0-2.2); partners from \u201cother groups\u201d (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.3-4.2).\nConclusions: Low-threshold HIV testing and harm reduction services, like OCF using directly assisted self-testing and social network strategies are essential in reaching key populations with HIV prevention, increasing access to HIV testing and care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T19:26:40Z","timestamp":1680809200000},"page":"397-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Social Network Strategy improves access to HIV testing and harm reduction programs for PWID and their partners in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Denisiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smyrnov","family":"Pavlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainura","family":"Batyrbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Dudnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfiya","family":"Denebayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Zhandybayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deshko","family":"Tetyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/16611\/3044","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/16611\/3044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T19:26:40Z","timestamp":1680809200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/16611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.16611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}