{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:49:24Z","timestamp":1771030164260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"08","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection that increases the risk of cervical cancer. Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) can regulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the host cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of mammalian cells, expressed in various host cells and have an important role in recognizing pathogens, and pro-inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of TLR5 in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) exposed to T. vaginalis.\nMethodology: First, the cells and parasites were cultured in RPMI and trypticase yeast extract maltose (TYM), respectively. After adaption of parasite and epithelial cells by RPMI-TYM medium co-culture (9:1 vol\/vol), HVECs and HeLa cells were stimulated with T. vaginalis trophozoites (24-hour incubation at 37 \u00b0C, 5% CO2). Following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the gene expression levels of TLR5, IRAK1, and NF-\u03baB were assessed using real-time PCR. Besides, the protein levels were measured using western blotting. All tests and controls were normalized using \u03b2-actin as a housekeeping control.\nResults: Real-time PCR results showed an increased gene expression of TLR5, IRAK1, and NF-\u03baB in T. vaginalis exposed HVECs and HeLa cells compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, western blot analysis showed a statistically significant increase in TLR5, and NF-\u03baB proteins in both groups after exposure to the parasite (p &lt; 0.05).\nConclusions: These findings provide insight into the host-parasite interaction, and the results indicated that T. vaginalis could stimulate TLR5 and activate related pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.18066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T20:17:40Z","timestamp":1694463460000},"page":"1160-1167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Induction of TLR5, IRAK1, and NF-\u03baB expression by Trichomonas vaginalis in cervical cancer cell (HeLa) and normal human vaginal epithelial cell (HVECs) lines"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mohammadi Esfanjani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leili","family":"Aghebati Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanam","family":"Nami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6128-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Baghbanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Perez-Cordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia M","family":"Rodrigues Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Lourdes Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bara\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5686-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Mici\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/18066\/3154","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/18066\/3154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T20:17:41Z","timestamp":1694463461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/18066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.18066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}