{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T14:13:01Z","timestamp":1770732781850,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections is an important clinical challenge. The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on antimicrobial resistance remains a subject of ongoing debate. This single-center study aimed to analyze Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from blood cultures and evaluate changes in antimicrobial resistance between the pre-pandemic (March 2018\u2013February 2020) and pandemic (March 2020\u2013February 2022) periods.\nMethodology: Blood culture data collected over 4 years were retrospectively analyzed using the BACT\/ALERT 3D system. Bacterial identification was conducted with the VITEK\u00ae 2 compact system, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria.\nResults: Of 1,668 positive blood cultures, 38.3% yielded GNB. There was an increase in Gram-negative isolates during the pandemic, compared to the pre-pandemic period (55.9% vs. 44.1%). Resistance changes were detected in extensive antibiogram analyses in which 18 different antibiotics were studied for the 4 most frequently isolated species, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During the pandemic period, resistance to amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime decreased; while resistance to amikacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime increased; except in Escherichia coli.\nConclusions: K. pneumoniae remained the most frequently isolated bacterium in both periods, while A. baumannii showed a significant increase during the pandemic. The 2.6-fold increase in A. baumannii may have been caused by the increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics during the pandemic. These findings reflect data from a single hospital and should be validated by further multicenter studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.20702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:07:51Z","timestamp":1770660471000},"page":"29-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u0131nar","family":"Etiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u011fmur","family":"Ekeno\u011flu Merdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pervin","family":"Avci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/20702\/3802","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/20702\/3802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:07:51Z","timestamp":1770660471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/20702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.20702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}}}