{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:52:36Z","timestamp":1788173556406,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Our objective was to identify pathogens causing BSI, its incidence, and associated risk factors.\nMethodology: Retrospective positive blood culture data were analyzed from five hemodialysis centers (January 2019 until December 2023) across Saudi Arabia.\nResults: There were 437 bacteremia episodes in 432 patients, with 405 central line and 367 peripheral samples. The BSI rate was 0.67 per 100 patient months. 375 (85.8%) patients had a Central Venous Catheter (CVC), 27 (6.17%) had an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), 5 (1.14%) had an arteriovenous graft (AVG), and 30 (6.9%) had dual access. The central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rate was 1.41 per 100 patient months. Gram-positive organisms in the central line blood culture were 169 (44%), and Gram-negative were 200 (51.81%); 16 (4%) cases were polymicrobial, and there was one case of fungi. In peripheral blood cultures, 158 (48.9%) were Gram-positive and 150 (46.4%) were Gram-negative. The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Staphylococcus epidermidis in Gram-positive organisms, and Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Gram-negative organisms. Three cases of fungal infection occurred during the study period. Two-thirds of patients (68%) required hospital treatment, and in 54% of the cases, there was loss of vascular access. Mortality due to sepsis within 4 weeks occurred in five patients.\nConclusions: The risk of BSI in hemodialysis patients is high. Gram-negative pathogens contribute to half of the events. In Saudi Arabia, Gram-negative pathogen incidence is significant, and measures are required to curtail it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.21208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T13:33:10Z","timestamp":1765200790000},"page":"1643-1648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pattern of bacterial bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5465-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qurat Ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad N","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1067-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"AL Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7988-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtehaj","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad","family":"Alajlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Eladrosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad W","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3516-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez","family":"Hejaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/21208\/3770","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/21208\/3770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T13:33:10Z","timestamp":1765200790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/21208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.21208","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}}}