{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:17:44Z","timestamp":1783707464147,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory infections in infants under six months, with limited treatment options available. Macrophages play a pivotal role in antiviral immunity, where their polarization state directly modulates immune responses.\nMethodology: The expression changes of ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) in RSV-infected samples were analyzed through the Gene Expression Omnibus database. An RSV infection model was established in C57BL\/6 mice, and USP18 expression in lung tissues was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Adenovirus-mediated USP18 knockdown was performed via tail vein injection, and its effects on immune cells were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qPCR. THP-1 macrophage models with USP18 overexpression and knockdown were constructed. The effects of USP18 on macrophage polarization, immune function, and fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation during RSV infection were evaluated using immunofluorescence, ELISA, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) assays, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) staining, and Western blot.\nResults: USP18 was markedly overexpressed in RSV-infected samples. USP18 knockdown in mice alleviated lung damage, reduced M2 macrophage markers, and enhanced CD8+ T cell activity. Cellular experiments demonstrated that USP18 promotes M2 macrophage polarization by enhancing fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and regulating the expression of related enzymes, including ACLY, FASN, and ACC1. Elevated USP18 in macrophages during RSV infection inhibits CD8+ T cell activation, contributing to immune suppression. These effects were reversible with FAO inhibitors.\nConclusions: USP18 upregulation in RSV-infected cells induces M2 macrophage polarization via fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation, thereby promoting immune suppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.21782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:02:51Z","timestamp":1783706571000},"page":"886-895","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["USP18-driven macrophage M2 polarization through fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation inhibits immune responses induced by RSV infection"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dannv","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/21782\/3911","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/21782\/3911","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:02:51Z","timestamp":1783706571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/21782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.21782","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}