{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:14:50Z","timestamp":1786119290934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"07","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Uncertainty and rapid changes in treatment guidelines are influencing factors for medication use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antibiotic utilization in Community Health Centers (CHCs) between 2020 and 2021.\nMethodology: Prescription data from adult outpatient visits (\u2265 18 years) receiving prescription services at 35 CHCs in South Jakarta, Malang regency, and Bengkulu city, comprising 796,598 prescriptions, were examined using the ATC\/DDD methodology and DU90% analysis. These regions were purposively selected to represent three distinct healthcare archetypes, namely metropolitan (South Jakarta), rural-urban continuum (Malang Regency), and regional cities outside Java (Bengkulu City). Wilcoxon signed-rank and Chi-square tests were used to determine statistical differences between years.\nResults: The proportion of adult patient visits receiving a minimum of one antibiotic prescription decreased by 1.56% in 2021 (p &lt; 0.001). Malang Regency recorded the highest rates, decreasing by 2.24% in 2021. Furthermore, the highest DDD values for all antibiotics each year were recorded in South Jakarta, except for Cefadroxil, which peaked in Malang regency. Six antibiotics were constituted in the DU90% segment, with Amoxicillin accounting for over 50% of prescriptions and reaching 425 DDD\/1000 patient visits\/year in South Jakarta in 2020. In 2021, Azithromycin prescriptions increased significantly by 7.51%, as shown by a p of 0.0161. The average prescribing rate (14.57%) remained below the WHO optimal indicator (&lt; 30%).\nConclusions: Antibiotic use in CHCs declined during the pandemic, but there was a significant increase in Azithromycin prescriptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.22502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:57:29Z","timestamp":1786039049000},"page":"954-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The quantitative evaluation of antibiotic utilization in community health centers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9166-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zamharira","family":"Muslim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1528-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angga IW","family":"Effendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartika CDP","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayuk L","family":"Hariadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3830-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larasati A","family":"Kusumawardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/22502\/3918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/22502\/3918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:57:30Z","timestamp":1786039050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/22502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"07","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.22502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}