{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:19:22Z","timestamp":1759335562007},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Journal of Infection in Developing Countries","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Infect Dev Ctries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in Bahrain and its relation to absolute CD4 count, CD4%, and CD4\/CD8 ratio. Methodology: This retrospective cohort study used laboratory records (January 2009 - May 2013) from a major hospital in Bahrain. Opportunistic infections (OIs); absolute CD4 counts, CD4%, and CD4\/CD8 ratio were recorded. Results: CD4% and absolute CD4 count in HIV patients with associated infections (157 \u00b1 295) was significantly lower than in those without associated infections (471 \u00b1 285) (p &lt; 0.001). There was no significant difference in CD4\/CD8 ratio between the two groups. Infection with Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest infection, present in 9.8% of total HIV-infected patients and 28.7% of members of the AIDS patient group with OIs, followed by yeast infections (9.2% and 27.2%, respectively). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was present in 3.6% of total HIV-infected patients and 10.6% of the group with OIs, while mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) was present in 2.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) was observed in 5.1% and 15.1%, respectively. Herpes simplex II (HSV-II) was observed in 3% and 9%, respectively, while Cytomegalovirus antigenemia was only present in 2% and 6%, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Citrobacter species were bacterial infections observed least frequently. Conclusions: Studying the pattern of OIs in HIV-infected patients in Bahrain is of paramount importance due to the scarcity of data in the Arab world. This will help to improve physicians\u2019 awareness to improve care of HIV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T18:15:06Z","timestamp":1421345706000},"page":"060-069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients in Bahrain: a four-year review (2009-2013)"],"prefix":"10.3855","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nermin Kamal","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afaf E","family":"Jamsheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2222","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/25596573\/1232","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/download\/25596573\/1232","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T04:27:55Z","timestamp":1562041675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jidc.org\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/25596573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.4997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1972-2680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1972-2680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]]}}}