{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:20:55Z","timestamp":1793744455332,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed Rep"],"DOI":"10.3892\/br.2025.2058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T06:37:08Z","timestamp":1758263828000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cannabis use and its impact on respiratory physiology and lung cancer risk: Mechanistic and epidemiological insights (Review)"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Georgakopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Andreikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68110 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrios","family":"Spandidos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20251014125415_b1-BR-23-5-02058"},{"issue":"158","key":"key20251014125415_b2-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2024.8817","article-title":"Lung cancer and obesity: A contentious relationship (Review)","volume":"52","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b3-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.359","article-title":"Tobacco and lung cancer: Risks, trends, and outcomes in patients with cancer","volume":"33","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b4-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22122\/AHJ.2022.196722.1244","article-title":"Association between smoking cessation and alterations in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). A Follow-up study from a Greek Tobacco Cessation Clinic","volume":"14","author":"Trakas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b5-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1407928","article-title":"Adverse health effects of marijuana use","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b6-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700275p","article-title":"A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions","volume":"21","author":"Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b7-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900106y","article-title":"Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of cannabis cigarette smoke by the determination of acetaldehyde derived N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b8-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0330","article-title":"Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: Results of a population-based case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Hashibe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b9-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.077081","article-title":"Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms","volume":"62","author":"Aldington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b10-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12597","article-title":"Cannabinoids inhibit cholinergic contraction in human airways through prejunctional CB1 receptors","volume":"171","author":"Grassin-Delyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b11-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.1.209","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and lung function in habitual heavy smokers of marijuana alone, smokers of marijuana and tobacco, smokers of tobacco alone, and nonsmokers","volume":"135","author":"Tashkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b12-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40081.x","article-title":"Respiratory effects of marijuana and tobacco use in a U.S. sample","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b13-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1961","article-title":"Association between marijuana exposure and pulmonary function over 20 years","volume":"307","author":"Pletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b14-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706632","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cancer: Pros and cons of an antitumour strategy","volume":"148","author":"Bifulco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"361","key":"key20251014125415_b15-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00361","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical assessment of cannabinoids as Anti-cancer agents","volume":"7","author":"Ladin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b16-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021441","article-title":"Beyond THC and endocannabinoids","volume":"60","author":"Pacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"19","key":"key20251014125415_b17-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b18-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6199","article-title":"Medical marijuana for treatment of chronic pain and other medical and psychiatric problems: A clinical review","volume":"313","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b19-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","article-title":"The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin","volume":"153","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b20-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.008","article-title":"Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review","volume":"104","author":"Carliner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b21-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4458","article-title":"Prevalence of cannabis use in youths after legalization in washington state","volume":"173","author":"Dilley","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b22-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21030320","article-title":"Risks and benefits of cannabis and cannabinoids in psychiatry","volume":"179","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b23-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01880-2","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: A review of evidence on risks and medical benefits","volume":"275","author":"Hoch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b24-BR-23-5-02058"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b25-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b26-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2008.00917.x","article-title":"Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: Systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Machado Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b27-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3387-5","article-title":"A review of oral cannabinoids and medical marijuana for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A focus on pharmacokinetic variability and pharmacodynamics","volume":"80","author":"Badowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b28-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","article-title":"Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders [RETIRED]: Report of the Guideline development subcommittee of the american academy of neurology","volume":"82","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b29-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.002","article-title":"Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b30-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2013.821477","article-title":"Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users","volume":"40","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b31-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00117-5","article-title":"Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: A case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Di Forti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b32-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201212-127FR","article-title":"Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung","volume":"10","author":"Tashkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b33-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.09.042","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular effects of marijuana inhalation: What cardiologists need to know","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"e000638","key":"key20251014125415_b34-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000638","article-title":"Cannabis use: Signal of increasing risk of serious cardiovascular disorders","volume":"3","author":"Jouanjus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"e009986","key":"key20251014125415_b35-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009986","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Gunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3336516","key":"key20251014125415_b36-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3336516","article-title":"Pharmacological aspects and biological effects of cannabigerol and its synthetic derivatives","volume":"2022","author":"Calapai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b37-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028","article-title":"An Introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b38-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-031122-113758","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids: A pharmacological and toxicological overview","volume":"63","author":"Roque-Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b39-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000466","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"350","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b40-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/19.200","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of cannabis","volume":"25","author":"Chayasirisobhon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"issue":"31","key":"key20251014125415_b41-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010031","article-title":"Cannabis and Its secondary metabolites: Their use as therapeutic drugs, toxicological aspects, and analytical determination","volume":"6","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b42-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200217666151210142051","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cytochrome P450 interactions","volume":"17","author":"Zendulka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b43-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-016-0579-6","article-title":"Cannabis in eurasia: Origin of human use and Bronze Age trans-continental connections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vegetation History and Archaeobotany"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b44-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6511a1","article-title":"National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators-National survey on drug use and health, united states, 2002-2014","volume":"65","author":"Azofeifa","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b45-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13670","article-title":"Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13","volume":"112","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b46-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858","article-title":"Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013","volume":"72","author":"Hasin","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b47-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412460591","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates and comorbidity of DSM-IV cannabis use and cannabis use disorders in australia","volume":"46","author":"Teesson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b48-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20735","article-title":"Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use: The US experience","volume":"19","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatr"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b49-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143739","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and the brain","volume":"64","author":"Mechoulam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b50-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its modulation by phytocannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b51-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International union of pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b52-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b53-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1602","article-title":"Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b54-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0036","article-title":"An update on non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid related G-Protein-coupled receptors","volume":"2","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b55-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12736","article-title":"Targeting the endocannabinoid system: From the need for new therapies to the development of a promising strategy. What About Pancreatic Cancer?","volume":"36","author":"Garmpis","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b56-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.3747\/co.23.3080","article-title":"Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids","volume":"2 (Suppl)","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b57-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): Analysis of current data in the united states","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b58-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312457586","article-title":"Cannabis, a complex plant: Different compounds and different effects on individuals","volume":"2","author":"Atakan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b59-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.563","article-title":"Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"101","author":"Le Boisselier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b60-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.0155","article-title":"Medical marijuana use in oncology: A review","volume":"2","author":"Wilkie","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b61-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6428a6","article-title":"Notes from the field: Death following ingestion of an edible marijuana product-Colorado, March 2014","volume":"64","author":"Hancock-Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b62-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0522","article-title":"Marijuana use, respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary function: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Ghasemiesfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b63-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0447","article-title":"Cannabis smoking in 2015: A concern for lung health?","volume":"148","author":"Biehl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b64-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-333OC","article-title":"The effects of marijuana exposure on expiratory airflow. A study of adults who participated in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Study","volume":"12","author":"Kempker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b65-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.03.025","article-title":"Cannabis use, pulmonary function, and lung cancer susceptibility: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"16","author":"Baumeister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b66-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02303-3","article-title":"Does cannabis elevate cancer risk?: Evidence from Mendelian randomization","volume":"136","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b67-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911614","article-title":"Pulmonary Illness Related to E-cigarette use in illinois and wisconsin-final report","volume":"382","author":"Layden","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b68-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.03.008","article-title":"A global toxicogenomic analysis investigating the mechanistic differences between tobacco and marijuana smoke condensates in vitro","volume":"308","author":"Maertens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b69-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.6.1271","article-title":"Differential examination of bronchoalveolar lavage cells in tobacco cigarette and marijuana smokers","volume":"135","author":"Barbers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b70-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.10.017","article-title":"Mechanisms for impaired effector function in alveolar macrophages from marijuana and cocaine smokers","volume":"147","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b71-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.6.1351","article-title":"Antimicrobial and respiratory burst characteristics of pulmonary alveolar macrophages recovered from smokers of marijuana alone, smokers of tobacco alone, smokers of marijuana and tobacco and nonsmokers","volume":"144","author":"Sherman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b72-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.9704146","article-title":"Marijuana and cocaine impair alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Baldwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b73-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-3084(02)00159-7","article-title":"Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human immune function and host defense","volume":"121","author":"Roth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b74-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1086\/368370","article-title":"Impairment of antimicrobial activity and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages from smokers of marijuana and cocaine","volume":"187","author":"Shay","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b75-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.545210","article-title":"Histone modifications are associated with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-mediated alterations in antigen-specific T cell responses","volume":"289","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b76-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.319","article-title":"Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and\/or tobacco","volume":"112","author":"Fligiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b77-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.16.1198","article-title":"Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine and\/or tobacco","volume":"90","author":"Barsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b78-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15075","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder and the lungs","volume":"116","author":"Gracie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b79-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00228914","article-title":"Effects of quitting cannabis on respiratory symptoms","volume":"46","author":"Hancox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b80-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680609900220","article-title":"Bullous disease of the lung and cannabis smoking: Insufficient evidence for a causative link","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b81-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6612.1516","article-title":"Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes","volume":"295","author":"Bloom","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b82-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.671868","article-title":"Impact of changes in regular use of marijuana and\/or tobacco on chronic bronchitis","volume":"9","author":"Tashkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"COPD"},{"issue":"e212611","key":"key20251014125415_b83-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212611","article-title":"Chest CT Findings in Marijuana Smokers","volume":"307","author":"Murtha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b84-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00065707","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: A case-control study","volume":"31","author":"Aldington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b85-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1018427320658","article-title":"Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States)","volume":"8","author":"Sidney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b86-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/01243894-200607000-00013","article-title":"Risk of lung cancer and past use of cannabis in Tunisia","volume":"1","author":"Voirin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b87-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31818ddcde","article-title":"Cannabis smoking and risk of lung cancer in men: A pooled analysis of three studies in Maghreb","volume":"3","author":"Berthiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b88-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0259-0","article-title":"Marijuana use and risk of lung cancer: A 40-year cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Callaghan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b89-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00065009","article-title":"Effects of cannabis on lung function: A population-based cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Hancox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b90-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198802113180603","article-title":"Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco","volume":"318","author":"Wu","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b91-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00371.2005","article-title":"Inhaled marijuana smoke disrupts mitochondrial energetics in pulmonary epithelial cells in vivo","volume":"290","author":"Sarafian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b92-BR-23-5-02058"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b93-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1515\/nipt-2024-0012","article-title":"Cannabis use, oral dysbiosis, and neurological disorders","volume":"3","author":"Hazzard","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImmune Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"e2030189","key":"key20251014125415_b94-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30189","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine and cannabis vaping and respiratory symptoms in young adults","volume":"3","author":"Braymiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b95-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000026","article-title":"Marijuana and lung diseases","volume":"20","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b96-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12298","article-title":"Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Gates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b97-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04846","article-title":"A systematic review of the respiratory effects of inhalational marijuana","volume":"61","author":"Martinasek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b98-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.12.013","article-title":"Cannabis use, lung cancer, and related issues","volume":"13","author":"Jett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"e1916318","key":"key20251014125415_b99-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318","article-title":"Association between marijuana use and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ghasemiesfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b100-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0095","article-title":"Scoping review and meta-analysis suggests that cannabis use may reduce cancer risk in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"2668","key":"key20251014125415_b101-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092668","article-title":"Cancer initiation, progression and resistance: Are phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. promising compounds?","volume":"26","author":"Nigro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b102-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-021-00171-8","article-title":"Cannabis and lung health: Does the bad outweigh the good?","volume":"7","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b103-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2022.07.010","article-title":"Marijuana and the lung: Evolving understandings","volume":"106","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"107494","key":"key20251014125415_b104-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107494","article-title":"Effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"221","author":"Khoj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"key20251014125415_b105-BR-23-5-02058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00223-8","article-title":"Cancer risk and legalisation of access to cannabis in the USA: overview of the evidence","volume":"10","author":"Nargis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Reports"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T09:54:23Z","timestamp":1760435663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/br.2025.2058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/br.2025.2058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9434","2049-9442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9434","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-9442","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}}}