{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:25:41Z","timestamp":1793388341962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]],"date-time":"2017-04-28T08:32:32Z","timestamp":1493368352000},"page":"3163-3166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Multiple sclerosis: Pathology, diagnosis and treatments"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wen-Juan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180108134950_b1-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: An immune or neurodegenerative disorder?","volume":"31","author":"Trapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b2-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70064-8","article-title":"The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology","volume":"9","author":"Koch-Henriksen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b3-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720070055","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Does this really point toward an etiology? Lectio doctoralis","volume":"21","author":"Kurtzke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b4-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90962-2","article-title":"HL-A antigens and multiple sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Jersild","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b5-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400171","article-title":"How can proteomics elucidate the complexity of multiple sclerosis?","volume":"9","author":"Farias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b6-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.865867","article-title":"Decoding multiple sclerosis: An update on genomics and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Oksenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b7-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","article-title":"Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology","volume":"130","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b8-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00069-2","article-title":"Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: Consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease","volume":"206","author":"Bjartmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b9-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01208.x","article-title":"Change in sex ratio, disease course and age at diagnosis in Oslo MS patients through seven decades","volume":"120","author":"Celius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand (Suppl)"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b10-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611403646","article-title":"Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: A review for a multimodal approach in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"de Sa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b11-etm-0-0-4410","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Factors affecting quality of life in persons with multiple sclerosis"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b12-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052723","article-title":"The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation","volume":"354","author":"Charo","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b13-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b14-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0934-5","article-title":"The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy","volume":"253","author":"Coles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b15-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511543760","volume-title":"The clinical neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis","author":"Feinstein","year":"2007","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b16-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b17-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination","volume":"47","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b18-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00217.x","article-title":"Staging of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions: Pathology of the time frame of MS","volume":"26","author":"van der Valk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b19-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Mahad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b20-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh641","article-title":"Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Kutzelnigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b21-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.012","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Milo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b22-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b23-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: Pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Lassmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b24-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2010.11.001","article-title":"Neuronal injury in chronic CNS inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Zindler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b25-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(83)90036-X","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis. Distribution of T cells, T cell subsets and Ia-positive macrophages in lesions of different ages","volume":"4","author":"Traugott","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b26-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.3.393","article-title":"Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"120","author":"Ferguson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b27-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1174","article-title":"Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation","volume":"123","author":"Bitsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b28-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1063","article-title":"Analysis of regulatory CD8 T cells in Qa-1-deficient mice","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b29-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5090","article-title":"CD8 T cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-derived peptides in humanized HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice","volume":"179","author":"Mars","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b30-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20235.x","article-title":"Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: Report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Schumacher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b31-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b32-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b33-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70068-7","article-title":"ADVANCE Study Investigators: Pegylated interferon \u03b2-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): A randomised, phase 3, double-blind study","volume":"13","author":"Calabresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b34-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"DEFINE Study Investigators: Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b35-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"CONFIRM Study Investigators: Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b36-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b37-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21117","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b38-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182343274","article-title":"A randomized trial of high-dose vitamin D2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b39-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2011.573041","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"40","author":"Mosayebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b40-etm-0-0-4410","first-page":"452541","article-title":"Effects of adjunct low-dose vitamin D on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis progression: preliminary findings of a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2012","author":"Shaygannejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b41-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301876","article-title":"A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with vitamin D3 as an add on treatment to interferon \u03b2-1b in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Soilu-H\u00e4nninen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b42-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62242-4","article-title":"Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"383","author":"Chataway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b43-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000195","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b44-etm-0-0-4410","unstructured":"BielekovaBCatalfamoMReichert-ScrivnerSPackerACernaMWaldmannTAMcFarlandHHenkartPAMartinRRegulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosisProc Natl Acad Sci USA10359415946200610.1073\/pnas.060133510316585503"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b45-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20180108134950_b46-etm-0-0-4410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307932","article-title":"HIV and lower risk of multiple sclerosis: beginning to unravel a mystery using a record-linked database study","volume":"86","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T19:19:11Z","timestamp":1515439151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/etm.2017.4410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3892\/etm.2017.4410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2017.4410","relation":{},"ISSN":["1792-0981","1792-1015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1792-0981","type":"print"},{"value":"1792-1015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,28]]}}}