{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:20:10Z","timestamp":1792167610541,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Ther Med"],"DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T13:02:35Z","timestamp":1710507755000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immune profile of patients\u2011a new approach in management of sepsis and septic shock?"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anca","family":"Bac\u00e2rea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Coman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Simulation Applied in Medicine, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Bac\u00e2rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Research Methodology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"V\u0103sie\u0219iu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"S\u0103pl\u0103can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540136, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Grigorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u2018George Emil Palade\u2019, T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Mure\u0219 540142, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20240424152429_b1-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-017-0338-5","article-title":"Sepsis-3: What has been confirmed in therapy?","volume":"58","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internist (Berl)"},{"issue":"9603271221078871","key":"key20240424152429_b2-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221078871","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators of cytokines and chemokines in sepsis: From bench to bedside","volume":"41","author":"Doganyigit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"5376","key":"key20240424152429_b3-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215376","article-title":"The pathogenesis of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b4-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.04.024","article-title":"Is there value in plasma cytokine measurements in patients with severe trauma and sepsis?","volume":"61","author":"Gentile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b5-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000495","article-title":"Immune cell phenotype and function in sepsis","volume":"45","author":"Rimmel\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b6-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000525","article-title":"Up-regulation of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 on neutrophils may be involved in sepsis-induced immunosuppression: An animal study and a prospective case-control study","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b7-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000129975.26905.77","article-title":"Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity","volume":"32","author":"Taneja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b8-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000170353.80318.d5","article-title":"Harmful and protective roles of neutrophils in sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Hoesel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b9-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.08.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of organ dysfunction in sepsis","volume":"34","author":"Pool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b10-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0410232","article-title":"An early circulating factor in severe sepsis modulates apoptosis of monocytes and lymphocytes","volume":"89","author":"Vaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b11-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000275271.77350.B6","article-title":"Decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression after severe burn injury: Correlation with severity and secondary septic shock","volume":"35","author":"Venet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1130214","key":"key20240424152429_b12-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130214","article-title":"Utility of monocyte HLA-DR and rationale for therapeutic GM-CSF in sepsis immunoparalysis","volume":"14","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b13-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70001-X","article-title":"Immunosuppression in sepsis: A novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach","volume":"13","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b14-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00518.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte subset numbers depend on the bacterial origin of sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Holub","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b15-ETM-27-5-12489","first-page":"148","article-title":"Changes in blood lymphocytes in sepsis patients","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b16-ETM-27-5-12489","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts-rapid and simple parameter of systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill","volume":"102","author":"Zahorec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b17-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.10.023","article-title":"Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in sepsis: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b18-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-022-01319-0","article-title":"Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in predicting systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL)","volume":"50","author":"Kriplani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"issue":"9056363","key":"key20240424152429_b19-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9056363","article-title":"Prognostic value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b20-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2021.07.821","article-title":"Platelet-to-lymphocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictive biomarkers for early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"5725","key":"key20240424152429_b21-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235725","article-title":"The systemic inflammation index on admission predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"25","author":"Fois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b22-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b23-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2010.004","article-title":"Comparing groups for statistical differences: How to choose the right statistical test?","volume":"20","author":"M\u0103ru\u015fteri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"issue":"3758068","key":"key20240424152429_b24-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3758068","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume-to-platelet count ratio as biomarkers in critically ill and injured patients: Which ratio to choose to predict outcome and nature of bacteremia?","volume":"2018","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b25-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0056","article-title":"Divergent sepsis pathophysiology in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Kingren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"2895","key":"key20240424152429_b26-ETM-27-5-12489","article-title":"Emotional eating sustainability in Romania-A questionnaire-based study","volume":"15","author":"Bac\u00e2rea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b27-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.05.010","article-title":"Age cut-off for type 2 diabetes mellitus screening amongst young adults from Mures District, Romania-A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Bac\u00e2rea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b28-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05594-1","article-title":"Obesity in the critically ill: A narrative review","volume":"45","author":"Schetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"e6929","key":"key20240424152429_b29-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6929","article-title":"Sepsis patients in critical care units with obesity: Is obesity protective?","volume":"12","author":"Kalani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"239","key":"key20240424152429_b30-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02950-2","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019-results from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b31-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-021-00917-8","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Germany. Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b32-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.007","article-title":"Understanding immunosuppression after sepsis","volume":"47","author":"Fattahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b33-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: From cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"439","key":"key20240424152429_b34-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1144-x","article-title":"Reversal of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count ratio in early versus late death from septic shock","volume":"19","author":"Rich\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"73","key":"key20240424152429_b35-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1250-4","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in immune dysfunction during severe inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Leliefeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b36-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.26516","article-title":"The changing immune system in sepsis: Is individualized immuno-modulatory therapy the answer?","volume":"5","author":"Boomer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1364","key":"key20240424152429_b37-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01364","article-title":"CD4 T cell responses and the sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b38-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2016017098","article-title":"Clinical and experimental sepsis impairs CD8 T-cell-mediated immunity","volume":"36","author":"Danahy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b39-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2022.02.004","article-title":"Dynamic monitoring of circulating CD8+ T and NK cell function in patients with septic shock","volume":"243","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"3946320221123164","key":"key20240424152429_b40-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320221123164","article-title":"A new indicator: The diagnostic value of CD8+T\/B lymphocyte ratio in sepsis progression","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1034667","key":"key20240424152429_b41-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1034667","article-title":"The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of B cells in sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b42-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700929","article-title":"Septic shock shapes B cell response toward an exhausted-like\/immunoregulatory profile in patients","volume":"200","author":"Gustave","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b43-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2011.00373.x","article-title":"Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and prognosis in patients with septic shock","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"81","key":"key20240424152429_b44-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00477-5","article-title":"Study of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and immunocyte ratios in 194 patients with sepsis","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b45-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.02.006","article-title":"The utility of peripheral blood leucocyte ratios as biomarkers in infectious diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b46-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.2.6651","article-title":"Correlation analysis of systemic immune inflammatory index, serum IL-35 and HMGB-1 with the severity and prognosis of sepsis","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"287","key":"key20240424152429_b47-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02993-5","article-title":"Biomarkers of sepsis: Time for a reappraisal","volume":"24","author":"Pierrakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b48-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2013.764490","article-title":"Biomarkers of sepsis","volume":"50","author":"Faix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"e0138150","key":"key20240424152429_b49-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138150","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of procalcitonin and c-reactive protein as outcome predictors in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"10","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"244","key":"key20240424152429_b50-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02941-3","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: Diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore","volume":"24","author":"Knaak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2104755","key":"key20240424152429_b51-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2104755","article-title":"Effect of serum ferritin on the prognosis of patients with sepsis: Data from the MIMIC-IV database","volume":"2022","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Med Int"},{"issue":"55","key":"key20240424152429_b52-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00055","article-title":"Macrophage activation-like syndrome: A distinct entity leading to early death in sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Karakike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b53-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-023-03385-8","article-title":"C-reactive protein and procalcitonin during course of sepsis and septic shock","volume":"193","author":"Schupp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"key20240424152429_b54-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00051309","article-title":"C-reactive protein and procalcitonin as predictors of survival and septic shock in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"Hillas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3194","key":"key20240424152429_b55-ETM-27-5-12489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113194","article-title":"In-hospital antibiotic use for COVID-19: Facts and rationales assessed through a mixed-methods study","volume":"11","author":"Stoichitoiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T12:24:43Z","timestamp":1713961483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/etm.2024.12489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2024.12489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1792-0981","1792-1015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1792-0981","type":"print"},{"value":"1792-1015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"article-number":"203"}}