{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1790435958751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Mol Med"],"DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:04:52Z","timestamp":1589799892000},"page":"467-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of drugs to treat SARS\u2011CoV\u20112 infection: Mechanistic insights into current COVID\u201119 therapies (Review)"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Nitulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horia","family":"Paunescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sterghios","family":"Moschos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle\u2011Upon\u2011Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiana","family":"Nitulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrios","family":"Spandidos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taxiarchis","family":"Nikolouzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Drakoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristidis","family":"Tsatsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20200713162803_b1-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b2-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b3-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b4-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"COVID-19 an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic\/pandemic events and prevalence","author":"Tsatsakis","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b5-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"20","article-title":"COVID-19 in Northern Italy: An integrative overview of factors possibly influencing the sharp increase of the outbreak (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Goumenou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b6-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b7-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b8-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"1631","article-title":"A new threat from an old enemy: Re-emergence of coronavirus (Review)","volume":"45","author":"Docea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b9-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus infections - more than just the common cold","volume":"323","author":"Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b10-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b11-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b12-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.02.001","article-title":"Genome composition and divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b13-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060226","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"6","author":"Knoops","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b14-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2018-0144","article-title":"Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"Alsaadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b15-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300240","article-title":"2\u2032-O-methyl-modified RNAs act as TLR7 antagonists","volume":"15","author":"Robbins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b16-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000503030","article-title":"Innate immune evasion by human respiratory RNA viruses","volume":"12","author":"Kikkert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b17-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GordonDEJangGMBouhaddouMXuJObernierKWhiteKMO\u2032MearaMJRezeljVVGuoJZSwaneyDLA SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposingNaturehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b18-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b19-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1597","article-title":"Exploring the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): The tissue distribution of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and its putative receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)","volume":"203","author":"To","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b20-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b21-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b22-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01358-06","article-title":"A contemporary view of coronavirus transcription","volume":"81","author":"Sawicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b23-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E231","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030231","article-title":"Sars-cov-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: What we know so far","volume":"9","author":"Rabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b24-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"GribbleJPruijssersAJAgostiniMLAnderson-DanielsJChappellJDLuXStevensLJRouthALDenisonMRThe coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease mediates extensive viral recombinationbioRxiv: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.23057786"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b25-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718806115","article-title":"Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA","volume":"115","author":"Ferron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b26-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004999117","article-title":"Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes","volume":"117","author":"Forster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b27-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"nwaa036","article-title":"On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b28-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"KorberBFischerWGnanakaranSGYoonHTheilerJAbfaltererWFoleyBGiorgiEEBhattacharyaTParkerMDSpike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2bioRxiv: https:\/\/.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.29069054"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b29-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104351","article-title":"Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2","author":"van Dorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b30-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00210","article-title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b31-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZieglerCGKAllonSJNyquistSKMbanoIMMiaoVNTzouanasCNCaoYYousifASBalsJHauserBMSARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissuesCellhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b32-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.206","article-title":"Uptake, efficacy, and systemic distribution of naked, inhaled short interfering RNA (siRNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense","volume":"19","author":"Moschos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b33-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2005.11.007","article-title":"AAV transcytosis through barrier epithelia and endothelium","volume":"13","author":"Di Pasquale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b34-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746199","article-title":"Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection - a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b35-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30083-2","article-title":"Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b36-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055","article-title":"Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"158","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b37-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SongCWangYLiWHuBChenGXiaPWangWLiCHuZYangXDetection of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testicular biopsy specimen of COVID-19 patientsmedRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.31.20042333","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.31.20042333"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b38-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30235-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: Virus dynamics and host response","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b39-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45134","article-title":"COVID-19: What has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b40-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b41-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)","volume":"310","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis ciaa"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b42-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b43-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-299","article-title":"Potent and persistent antibody responses against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein in recovered patients","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b44-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4596","article-title":"Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)","volume":"46","author":"Calina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b45-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b46-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150","article-title":"Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b47-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072657","article-title":"A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b48-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.02.008","article-title":"Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b49-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-020-00351-y","article-title":"COVID-19 and off label use of drugs: An ethical viewpoint","author":"Shojaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b50-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fdd-2020-0010","article-title":"Drug repurposing strategies for COVID-19","author":"Senanayake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Drug Discov: fdd-2020-0010"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b51-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"1824","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review","volume":"323","author":"Sanders","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b52-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0072-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angio-tensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects","volume":"52","author":"Haschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b53-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14984.1","article-title":"Recent advances in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Wilkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b54-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1823-x","article-title":"A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b55-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200163","article-title":"Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: A potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy?","volume":"134","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b56-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"US National Library of MedicineRecombinant Human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (rhACE2) as a Treatment for Patients With COVID-19 (APN01-COVID-19)ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04335136. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04335136?term=NCT04335136&draw=2&rank=1. Accessed April 6, 2020"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b57-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02857","article-title":"Computational design of ACE2-based peptide inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b58-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816658055","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a novel inhaled insulin","volume":"11","author":"Heinemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b59-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/951025","article-title":"The effect of endogenous angiotensin II on alveolar fluid clearance in rats with acute lung injury","volume":"19","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b60-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.108944","article-title":"Structure-based identification of small-molecule angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activators as novel antihypertensive agents","volume":"51","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Prada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b61-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01337","article-title":"Diminazene aceturate enhances angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and attenuates ischemia-induced cardiac pathophysiology","volume":"62","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b62-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13251","article-title":"The potential actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) activator diminazene aceturate (DIZE) in various diseases","volume":"47","author":"Qaradakhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b63-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b64-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.02.044","article-title":"The proteinase inhibitor camostat mesilate suppresses pancreatic pain in rodents","volume":"80","author":"Ishikura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b65-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.01.011","article-title":"Protease inhibitors targeting coronavirus and filovirus entry","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b66-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00094-12","article-title":"Simultaneous treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with serine and cysteine protease inhibitors prevents severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry","volume":"86","author":"Kawase","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b67-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03799-13","article-title":"TMPRSS2 is a host factor that is essential for pneumotropism and pathogenicity of H7N9 influenza A virus in mice","volume":"88","author":"Tarnow","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b68-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56905-x","article-title":"Nafamostat and sepimostat identified as novel neuroprotective agents via NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism using a rat retinal excitotoxicity model","volume":"9","author":"Fuwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b69-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01043-16","article-title":"Identification of Nafamostat as a potent inhibitor of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S Protein-mediated membrane fusion using the Split-Protein-Based Cell-Cell Fusion Assay","volume":"60","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b70-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b71-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108737","article-title":"Ability of nafamostat mesilate to prolong filter patency during continuous renal replacement therapy in patients at high risk of bleeding: A randomized controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b72-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010","article-title":"The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer metastasis","volume":"4","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b73-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.03.018","article-title":"Airway proteases: An emerging drug target for influenza and other respiratory virus infections","volume":"24","author":"Laporte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b74-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104837","article-title":"Repurposing the mucolytic cough suppressant and TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor bromhexine for the prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"157","author":"Maggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b75-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1715","article-title":"Aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, suppresses proteolytic activation of pandemic H1N1v influenza virus","volume":"21","author":"Zhirnov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir Chem Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b76-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"BojkovaDMcGreigJEMcLaughlinKMMastersonSGWideraMKr\u00e4hlingVCiesekSWassMNMichaelisMCinatlJJrSARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV differ in their cell tropism and drug sensitivity profilesbioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.03024257"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b77-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1086\/427811","article-title":"Function of HAb18G\/CD147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"191","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b78-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02168-09","article-title":"CD147\/EMMPRIN acts as a functional entry receptor for measles virus on epithelial cells","volume":"84","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b79-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.03.006","article-title":"Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic","author":"Lythgoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b80-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00253-07","article-title":"Clathrin-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into target cells expressing ACE2 with the cytoplasmic tail deleted","volume":"81","author":"Inoue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b81-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b82-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8","article-title":"COVID-19: Combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments","volume":"20","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b83-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200108123","article-title":"Identification of an adaptor-associated kinase, AAK1, as a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"156","author":"Conner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b84-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.12.015","article-title":"Family-wide structural analysis of human Numb-associated protein kinases","volume":"24","author":"Sorrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b85-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50335-5","article-title":"Chemical proteomics reveals target selectivity of clinical Jak inhibitors in human primary cells","volume":"9","author":"Eberl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b86-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b87-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030698","article-title":"A review of small molecule inhibitors and functional probes of human Cathepsin L","volume":"25","author":"Dana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b88-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016972","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016972","article-title":"Endocytosis of viruses and bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Cossart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b89-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.9.5324-5332.2003","article-title":"Roles for endocytosis and low pH in herpes simplex virus entry into HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"77","author":"Nicola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b90-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762","article-title":"Of chloroquine and COVID-19","volume":"177","author":"Touret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b91-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b92-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: What to expect for COVID-19?","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b93-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0601856","article-title":"Design and synthesis of hydroxyferroquine derivatives with antimalarial and antiviral activities","volume":"49","author":"Biot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b94-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03011-14","article-title":"Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture","volume":"58","author":"de Wilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b95-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b96-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.03.005","article-title":"A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19","author":"Cortegiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b97-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b98-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"185","article-title":"Expert consensus on the treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia with chloroquine phosphate","volume":"43","author":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Guangdong Provincial Health Commission Multi-center Collaborative Group of chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of New Coronavirus Pneumonia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b99-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b100-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenZHuJZhangZJiangSHanSYanDZhuangRHuBZhangZEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trialmedRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b101-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b102-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.321","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity","volume":"129","author":"Hickley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b103-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30172-7","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: The need for an evidence base","author":"Taccone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b104-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MagagnoliJNarendranSPereiraFCummingsTHardinJWSuttonSSAmbatiJOutcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19medRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.16.20065920","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.16.20065920"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b105-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02114-07","article-title":"Structures of two coronavirus main proteases: implications for substrate binding and antiviral drug design","volume":"82","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b106-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101646","article-title":"A search for medications to treat COVID-19 via in silico molecular docking models of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and 3CL protease","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b107-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01828","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoamides as broad-spectrum inhibitors of coronavirus and enterovirus replication: structure-based design, synthesis, and activity assessment","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b108-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3405","article-title":"Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved \u03b1-ketoamide inhibitors","volume":"368","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b109-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2165\/11204950-000000000-00000","article-title":"Lopinavir\/Ritonavir: A review of its use in the management of HIV-1 infection","volume":"70","author":"Croxtall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b110-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.03.003","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b111-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"YamamotoNMatsuyamaSHoshinoTYamamotoNNelfinavir inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in vitrobioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.06026476"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b112-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b113-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1758788","article-title":"Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment","author":"Boopathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b114-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.083","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus","volume":"318","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b115-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"Fintelman-RodriguesNSacramentoCQLimaCRda SilvaFSFerreiraACMattosMde FreitasCSSoaresVCda Silva Gomes DiasSTemerozoJRAtazanavir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine productionbioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.04020925"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b116-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00221","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b117-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7498","article-title":"Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b118-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006254","article-title":"The not-so-infinite malleability of RNA viruses: Viral and cellular determinants of RNA virus mutation rates","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b119-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003565","article-title":"Coronaviruses lacking exoribonuclease activity are susceptible to lethal mutagenesis: Evidence for proofreading and potential therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b120-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03259-15","article-title":"Mutagenesis of Coronavirus nsp14 reveals its potential role in modulation of the innate immune response","volume":"90","author":"Becares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b121-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-15","article-title":"DC approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years","volume":"29","author":"De Clercq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b122-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592","article-title":"Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study","volume":"253","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b123-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100128","article-title":"Current knowledge about the antivirals remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for coronaviruses","volume":"9","author":"Amirian","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b124-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasmahttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber\/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma. Accessed May 1, 2020"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b125-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"PALM Consortium Study Team: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b126-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team: First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b127-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"Clinical and virologic characteristics of the first 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States","author":"COVID-19 Investigation Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b128-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","article-title":"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b129-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.981-986.2005","article-title":"Mechanism of action of T-705 against influenza virus","volume":"49","author":"Furuta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b130-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.015","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor","volume":"100","author":"Furuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b131-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040206618764483","DOI":"10.1177\/2040206618764483","article-title":"Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections","volume":"26","author":"Jordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir Chem Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b132-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0364-1","article-title":"Ebola virus infection: Review of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs considered for testing in human efficacy trials","volume":"55","author":"Madelain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b133-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.151","article-title":"Favipiravir: A new medication for the Ebola virus disease pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Nagata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b134-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering (Beijing)"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b135-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13027","article-title":"Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430","volume":"508","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b136-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.04.002","article-title":"BCX4430 - A broad-spectrum antiviral adenosine nucleoside analog under development for the treatment of Ebola virus disease","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b137-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201900841","article-title":"New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections","volume":"14","author":"De Clercq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Asian J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b138-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb5883","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883","article-title":"An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice","volume":"12","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b139-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01348","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-19","article-title":"Small-molecule antiviral \u03b2-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine inhibits a proofreading-intact Coronavirus with a high genetic barrier to resistance","volume":"93","author":"Agostini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b140-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030343","article-title":"SARS: Systematic review of treatment effects","volume":"3","author":"Stockman","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b141-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163914","article-title":"Effect of the large and small T-antigens of human polyomaviruses on signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Moens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b142-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13659-4","article-title":"SKP2 attenuates autophagy through Beclin1-ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS-Coronavirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Gassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b143-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GassenNCPapiesJBajajTDethloffFEmanuelJWeckmannKHeinzDEHeinemannNLennarzMRichterAAnalysis of SARS-CoV-2-controlled autophagy reveals spermidine, MK-2206, and niclosamide as putative antiviral therapeuticsbioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.15.997254","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.15.997254"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b144-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.07.005","article-title":"Importance of Akt signaling pathway for apoptosis in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells","volume":"327","author":"Mizutani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b145-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3306","article-title":"Akt inhibitors in cancer treatment: The long journey from drug discovery to clinical use (Review)","volume":"48","author":"Nitulescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b146-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02798-13","article-title":"Akt inhibitor MK2206 prevents influenza pH1N1 virus infection in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Denisova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b147-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03659-14","article-title":"Antiviral potential of ERK\/MAPK and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling modulation for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection as identified by temporal kinome analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kindrachuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b148-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37247-6","article-title":"Metformin prevents cell tumorigenesis through autophagy-related cell death","volume":"9","author":"De Santi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b149-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2020.68","article-title":"Inhaled biguanides and mTOR inhibition for influenza and coronavirus (Review)","volume":"2","author":"Lehrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Acad Sci J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b150-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.001","article-title":"Niclosamide: Beyond an antihelminthic drug","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b151-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2693-2696.2004","article-title":"Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication by niclosamide","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b152-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1021\/jm070295s","article-title":"Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respi-ratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"50","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b153-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002976","article-title":"Niclosamide is a proton carrier and targets acidic endosomes with broad antiviral effects","volume":"8","author":"Jurgeit","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b154-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198389","article-title":"A phase I study of niclosamide in combination with enzalutamide in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schweizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b155-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00060","article-title":"Repurposing of drugs as novel influenza inhibitors from clinical gene expression infection signatures","volume":"10","author":"Pizzorno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b156-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.04.001","article-title":"Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"9","author":"Rossignol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b157-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01202-4","article-title":"Tizoxanide induces autophagy by inhibiting PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells","volume":"43","author":"Shou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b158-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006","article-title":"Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update","volume":"107","author":"Blaising","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b159-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040184","article-title":"Arbidol (Umifenovir): A broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits medically important arthropod-borne flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Haviernik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b160-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.060","article-title":"Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir\/ritonavir in treating COVID-19","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b161-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.002","article-title":"Arbidol combined with LPV\/r versus LPV\/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b162-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.026","article-title":"Umifenovir treatment is not associated with improved outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective study","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b163-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0169-8","article-title":"The anti-influenza virus drug, arbidol is an efficient inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b164-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.11","article-title":"Ivermectin: Enigmatic multifaceted \u2032wonder\u2032 drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations","volume":"70","author":"Crump","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b165-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787","article-title":"The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Caly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b166-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104760","article-title":"The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin \u03b1\/\u03b21 heterodimer","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b167-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"317","article-title":"The multitargeted drug ivermectin: From an antiparasitic agent to a repositioned cancer drug","volume":"8","author":"Juarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b168-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00023-19","article-title":"High-throughput screening and identification of potent broad-spectrum inhibitors of Coronaviruses","volume":"93","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b169-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110601","article-title":"The natural compound Homoharringtonine presents broad antiviral activity in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b170-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b171-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00636-12","article-title":"Targeting the 'cytokine storm' for therapeutic benefit","volume":"20","author":"D\u2032Elia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b172-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: Immunity, inflammation and intervention","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b173-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11127","article-title":"Obesity a risk factor for increased COVID-19 prevalence, severity and lethality (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Petrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b174-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01057","article-title":"The role of interleukin 6 during viral infections","volume":"10","author":"Velazquez-Salinas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b175-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b176-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5340","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-363390","article-title":"Anti-IL6-receptor-alpha (tocilizumab) does not inhibit human monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation or alloreactive T-cell responses","volume":"118","author":"Betts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b177-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.22976","article-title":"Which are the antibodies to watch in 2013?","volume":"5","author":"Reichert","year":"2013","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b178-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR)A clinical study for the efficacy and safety of Adalimumab Injection in the treatment of patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)Registration number: ChiCTR2000030089. http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showprojen.aspx?proj=49889. Accessed February 22, 2020"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b179-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"1","article-title":"IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: The signal orchestration model","volume":"149","author":"Kamimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b180-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115327","article-title":"A panoramic review of IL-6: Structure, pathophysiological roles and inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med Chem"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b181-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4989","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: Importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6","volume":"8","author":"Rose-John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b182-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b183-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b184-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b185-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102567","article-title":"Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions","author":"Jamilloux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b186-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X10378372","article-title":"The role of interleukin 6 in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Srirangan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b187-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104380","article-title":"Supportive treatment with Tocilizumab for COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Alzghari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b188-ijmm-46-02-0467","article-title":"Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19","author":"Sciascia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b189-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4006-5","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of tocilizumab, sarilumab, and sirukumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b190-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1022","article-title":"Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19 - a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"issue":"Suppl 27","key":"key20200713162803_b191-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"S1","article-title":"The IL-1 family and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Dinarello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b192-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098440","article-title":"Targeting IL-1\u03b2 and IL-17A driven inflammation during influenza-induced exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Sichelstiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b193-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30858-8","article-title":"Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed","volume":"395","author":"Feldmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b194-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.04.012","article-title":"Editorial: Nicotine and SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 may be a disease of the nicotinic cholinergic system","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b195-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa059","article-title":"COVID-19 and smoking","author":"Berlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b196-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.05.007","article-title":"Type I interferon limits influenza virus-induced acute lung injury by regulation of excessive inflammation in mice","volume":"99","author":"Arimori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b197-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LokugamageKGHageASchindewolfCRajsbaumRMenacheryVDSARS-CoV-2 sensitive to type I interferon pretreatmentbioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.07.982264","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.07.982264"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b198-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104811","article-title":"Antiviral activities of type I interferons to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"179","author":"Mantlo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b199-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa033","article-title":"Colchicine as a potent anti-inflammatory treatment in COVID-19: can we teach an old dog new tricks","author":"Deftereos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b200-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040339","article-title":"Vitamin C and Infections","volume":"9","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b201-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100028","article-title":"Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med drug Discov"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b202-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100041","article-title":"Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection?","author":"Marik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med drug Discov"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b203-ijmm-46-02-0467","first-page":"17","article-title":"Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID 19 (Review)","volume":"46","author":"Skalny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b204-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.015","article-title":"Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review","volume":"14","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b205-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-019-0792-8","article-title":"Antisense oligonucleotides targeting lipoprotein(a)","volume":"21","author":"Langsted","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b206-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2020.61.4.273","article-title":"Nusinersen as a therapeutic agent for spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b207-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813279","article-title":"Patient-customized oligonucleotide therapy for a rare genetic disease","volume":"381","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b208-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.10.009","article-title":"Clinical potential of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics in the respiratory system","volume":"169","author":"Moschos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b209-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.02.013","article-title":"Intratracheal administration of siRNA triggers mRNA silencing in the lung to modulate T cell immune response and lung inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b210-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201812974","article-title":"Ideal-filter capillary electrophoresis (IFCE) facilitates the one-step selection of aptamers","volume":"58","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b211-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5044187","article-title":"Emulsion PCR significantly improves nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures-based aptamer selection: Allowing for efficient and rapid selection of aptamer to unmodified ABH2 protein","volume":"87","author":"Yufa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b212-ijmm-46-02-0467","unstructured":"AbbottTRDhamdhereGLiuYLinXGoudyLZengLChemparathyAChmuraSHeatonNSDebsRDevelopment of CRISPR as a prophylactic strategy to combat novel coronavirus and influenzabioRxiv: :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.13991307"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b213-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-52","article-title":"Anticipating and blocking HIV-1 escape by second generation antiviral shRNAs","volume":"7","author":"Schopman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b214-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.03.006","article-title":"An Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Capable of Penetrating the Mucus Barrier to Inhaled Gene Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b215-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.19","article-title":"Optimization of adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer to the respiratory tract","volume":"24","author":"Kurosaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b216-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88728","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88728","article-title":"CFTR gene transfer with AAV improves early cystic fibrosis pig phenotypes","volume":"1","author":"Steines","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b217-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.119","article-title":"Safe, long-term hepatic expression of anti-HCV shRNA in a nonhuman primate model","volume":"20","author":"Suhy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"key20200713162803_b218-ijmm-46-02-0467","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2013.73","article-title":"Deep sequencing insights in therapeutic shRNA processing and siRNA target cleavage precision","volume":"3","author":"Denise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:35:46Z","timestamp":1615768546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1107-3756","1791-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1107-3756","type":"print"},{"value":"1791-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}}}