{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:04:24Z","timestamp":1789362264902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Int"],"DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2026.338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:44:50Z","timestamp":1788263090000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Premature immunosenescence in AYA gastrointestinal cancer: The metabolic\u2011inflammatory\u2011hormonal axis as an integrative framework: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital Taiyuan Branch (Taiyuan Central Hospital), Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital Taiyuan Branch (Taiyuan Central Hospital), Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20260914073215_b1-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00445-1","article-title":"Rising incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer-a call to action","volume":"18","author":"Akimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b2-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00841-9","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of colorectal cancer-birth cohort effects and emerging risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b3-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.01.007","article-title":"A population-based age-period-cohort study of colorectal cancer incidence comparing Asia against the West","volume":"59","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b4-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.004","article-title":"Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer","volume":"159","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b5-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.314617.118","article-title":"Roles of the immune system in cancer: From tumor initiation to metastatic progression","volume":"32","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"151","key":"key20260914073215_b6-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00986-z","article-title":"Immunosenescence: A key player in cancer development","volume":"13","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b7-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1327","article-title":"Genetic mechanisms of immune evasion in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Grasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"200","key":"key20260914073215_b8-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01451-2","article-title":"Immunosenescence: Molecular mechanisms and diseases","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b9-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/s0047-6374(02)00016-7","article-title":"Lower percentage of CD8(high+)CD152(+) but not CD8(high+)CD28(+) T lymphocytes in the elderly may be reverted by interleukin 2 in vitro","volume":"123","author":"Trzonkowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b10-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3266-5_3","article-title":"Roles of PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway: signaling, cancer, and beyond","volume":"1248","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"84","key":"key20260914073215_b11-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-021-01139-7","article-title":"T cell exhaustion is associated with the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma and can be a predictive and sensitive biomarker for diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b12-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01828-7","article-title":"The aged tumor microenvironment limits T cell control of cancer","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"101837","key":"key20260914073215_b13-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101837","article-title":". Thymus aging and immune reconstitution: Progresses and challenges","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"2421","key":"key20260914073215_b14-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02653-9","article-title":"Thymic homing of activated CD4+ T cells induces degeneration of the thymic epithelium through excessive RANK signaling","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"e2426107122","key":"key20260914073215_b15-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426107122","article-title":"Androgen receptors in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons mediate the sexual dimorphism in restraint-induced thymic atrophy","volume":"122","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b16-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0156-2","article-title":"Unmasking senescence: Context-dependent effects of SASP in cancer","volume":"19","author":"Faget","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"eadn0327","key":"key20260914073215_b17-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn0327","article-title":"Hematopoietic aging promotes cancer by fueling IL-1\u03b1-driven emergency myelopoiesis","volume":"386","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"eadm7269","key":"key20260914073215_b18-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm7269","article-title":"Tumor extracellular vesicle-derived PD-L1 promotes T cell senescence through lipid metabolism reprogramming","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b19-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2422811","article-title":"New insights on targeting extracellular vesicle release by GW4869 to modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice model","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"issue":"187","key":"key20260914073215_b20-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01200-4","article-title":"Contradictory roles of lipid metabolism in immune response within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"630","key":"key20260914073215_b21-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56002-w","article-title":"Increased SOAT2 expression in aged regulatory T cells is associated with altered cholesterol metabolism and reduced anti-tumor immunity","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b22-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-02068-5","article-title":"The lactate receptor HCAR1 drives the recruitment of immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs in colorectal cancer","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b23-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07992-y","article-title":"AARS1 and AARS2 sense L-lactate to regulate cGAS as global lysine lactyltransferases","volume":"634","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"125","key":"key20260914073215_b24-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03042-7","article-title":"Pan-cancer analysis implicates novel insights of lactate metabolism into immunotherapy response prediction and survival prognostication","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b25-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"131","key":"key20260914073215_b26-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02047-2","article-title":"Deciphering the tumor immune microenvironment from a multidimensional omics perspective: Insight into next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"116","key":"key20260914073215_b27-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01234-1","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: New mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"20503121211069012","key":"key20260914073215_b28-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211069012","article-title":"Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-\u03b2, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Mirlekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"issue":"e002591","key":"key20260914073215_b29-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002591","article-title":"Mechanisms of regulatory T cell infiltration in tumors: Implications for innovative immune precision therapies","volume":"9","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"e20240445","key":"key20260914073215_b30-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20240445","article-title":"Regulatory T cells converted from Th1 cells in tumors suppress cancer immunity via CD39","volume":"222","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"108114","key":"key20260914073215_b31-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108114","article-title":"Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells to enhance natural killer cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"235","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"e2404994","key":"key20260914073215_b32-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404994","article-title":"Gastric cancer actively remodels mechanical microenvironment to promote chemotherapy resistance via MSCs-mediated mitochondrial transfer","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b33-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.102.13","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophage: Emerging targets for modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1754","key":"key20260914073215_b34-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46118-w","article-title":"Serum amyloid A promotes glycolysis of neutrophils during PD-1 blockade resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b35-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-2268","article-title":"IL-6 mediates cross-talk between tumor cells and activated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"78","author":"Karakasheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1331355","key":"key20260914073215_b36-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1331355","article-title":"Tumour response to hypoxia: Understanding the hypoxic tumour microenvironment to improve treatment outcome in solid tumours","volume":"14","author":"Bigos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"e13316","key":"key20260914073215_b37-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13316","article-title":"Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids: A potential therapeutic target to alleviate obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b38-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: Mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"De Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b39-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.008","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to colorectal cancer by modulating autophagy","volume":"170","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"295","key":"key20260914073215_b40-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02003-w","article-title":"Estrogen\/ER in anti-tumor immunity regulation to tumor cell and tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"e112408","key":"key20260914073215_b41-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112408","article-title":"CircPVT1 promotes ER-positive breast tumorigenesis and drug resistance by targeting ESR1 and MAVS","volume":"42","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b42-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0329-9","article-title":"Insulin-PI3K signalling: An evolutionarily insulated metabolic driver of cancer","volume":"16","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b43-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07529-3","article-title":"Obesity induces PD-1 on macrophages to suppress anti-tumour immunity","volume":"630","author":"Bader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"640","key":"key20260914073215_b44-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00640","article-title":"Obesity, fat mass and immune system: Role for leptin","volume":"9","author":"Francisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b45-MI-6-6-00338","first-page":"3381","article-title":"Increased soluble leptin receptor levels are associated with advanced tumor stage in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"31","author":"Tutino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b46-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0656","article-title":"Adipocyte thyroid hormone \u03b2 receptor-mediated hormone action fine-tunes intracellular glucose and lipid metabolism and systemic homeostasis","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b47-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.05.012","article-title":"Targeting cholesterol biosynthesis promotes anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting long noncoding RNA SNHG29-mediated YAP activation","volume":"29","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b48-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0123","article-title":"Association of aspirin, metformin, and statin use with gastric cancer incidence and mortality: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"issue":"101913","key":"key20260914073215_b49-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101913","article-title":"Targeting the mevalonate pathway potentiates NUAK1 inhibition-induced immunogenic cell death and antitumor immunity","volume":"6","author":"Gui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b50-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3990","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a potential molecular target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b51-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.03.009","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors for POLE or POLD1 proofreading-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"35","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b52-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500596","article-title":"PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency","volume":"372","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20260914073215_b53-MI-6-6-00338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07769-3","article-title":"Prognostic genome and transcriptome signatures in colorectal cancers","volume":"633","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:32:31Z","timestamp":1789360351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/mi.2026.338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mi.2026.338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2754-3242","2754-1304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2754-3242","type":"print"},{"value":"2754-1304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}