{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:50:01Z","timestamp":1792680601341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T05:29:38Z","timestamp":1456723778000},"page":"3391-3396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":869,"title":["Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review)"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"WEI-WEI","family":"CHEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XIA","family":"ZHANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WEN-JUAN","family":"HUANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180108023621_b1-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01328-1","article-title":"Structural and functional neuropathology in transgenic mice with CNS expression of IFN-\u03b1","volume":"835","author":"Campbell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b2-mmr-13-04-3391","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of the neuroscience of aging","author":"Hof","year":"2010"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b3-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/35037739","article-title":"Apoptosis in the nervous system","volume":"407","author":"Yuan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b4-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317522","article-title":"Neurodegeneration: What is it and where are we?","volume":"111","author":"Przedborski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b5-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"129","author":"Amor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b6-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050016","article-title":"Avian influenza virus intranasally inoculated infects the central nervous system of mice through the general visceral afferent nerve","volume":"145","author":"Shinya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b7-mmr-13-04-3391","first-page":"686","article-title":"Pathogenesis of neurovirulent influenza A virus infection in mice. Route of entry of virus into brain determines infection of different populations of cells","volume":"49","author":"Reinacher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b8-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.05.005","article-title":"Histamine and histamine receptors in pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Jadidi-Niaragh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b9-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.008","article-title":"The role of antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"1812","author":"Chastain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b10-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58656","article-title":"The immunology of neurodegeneration","volume":"122","author":"Czirr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b11-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132528","article-title":"Microglial physiology: Unique stimuli, specialized responses","volume":"27","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b12-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0382-8","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages of the central nervous system: the contribution of microglia priming and systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sem Immunopathol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b13-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3241-13.2013","article-title":"How do immune cells support and shape the brain in health, disease, and aging?","volume":"33","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b14-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b15-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00794-8","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative disease - a double-edged sword","volume":"35","author":"Wyss-Coray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b16-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.014","article-title":"Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Lull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b17-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0188-4","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is an amplifier of virus-induced neuropathology","volume":"20","author":"Das Sarma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b18-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b19-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.031","article-title":"Systemic infection and inflammation in acute CNS injury and chronic neurodegeneration: Underlying mechanisms","volume":"158","author":"Teeling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b20-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067122","article-title":"Toxic proteins in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"296","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b21-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.04.002","article-title":"Axonal transport and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"1762","author":"Chevalier-Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"R2","key":"key20180108023621_b22-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R169","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp326","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics - fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy - in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b23-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0151-1","article-title":"The common inflammatory etiology of depression and cognitive impairment: A therapeutic target","volume":"11","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b24-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf077","article-title":"Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b25-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000042","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity and development of essential hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Schiffrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b26-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.030","article-title":"The relationship between the morning blood pressure surge and low-grade inflammation on silent cerebral infarct and clinical stroke events","volume":"219","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b27-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798764843","article-title":"Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: The role of inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Tousoulis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b28-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318264e3be","article-title":"C-reactive protein in intracerebral hemorrhage: Time course, tissue localization, and prognosis","volume":"79","author":"Di Napoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b29-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001721","article-title":"C-reactive protein predicts hematoma growth in intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"45","author":"Di Napoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b30-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2009.01955.x","article-title":"The predictive role of C-reactive protein in patients with hypertension and subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Rizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b31-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e3283109065","article-title":"Markers of inflammation are strong predictors of subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis in women with hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Rizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b32-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.10.010","article-title":"The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Goossens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b33-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.027813","article-title":"Increased adipose tissue oxygen tension in obese compared with lean men is accompanied by insulin resistance, impaired adipose tissue capillarization, and inflammation","volume":"124","author":"Goossens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b34-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100531","article-title":"The role of inflammation in age-related disease","volume":"5","author":"Howcroft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b35-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","article-title":"Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Olefsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b36-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200105000-00001","article-title":"Aging and proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"8","author":"Bruunsgaard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b37-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38712.x","article-title":"Increased cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy elderly people","volume":"663","author":"Fagiolo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b38-mmr-13-04-3391","first-page":"451","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune response to influenza virus vaccination in aged humans","volume":"5","author":"Fagiolo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b39-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230950","article-title":"Increased cytokine production in mononuclear cells of healthy elderly people","volume":"23","author":"Fagiolo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b40-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990419)406:4<548::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Activity-dependent refinement in the goldfish retinotectal system is mediated by the dynamic regulation of processes withdrawal: An in vivo imaging study","volume":"406","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b41-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.019","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: Is inflammation the underlying link?","volume":"64","author":"Capuron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b42-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b43-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001984","article-title":"Relationship between adiposity, emotional status and eating behaviour in obese women: Role of inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Capuron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b44-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2277","article-title":"Reduction of macrophage infiltration and chemoattractant gene expression changes in white adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects after surgery-induced weight loss","volume":"54","author":"Cancello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b45-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60360-2","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction","volume":"379","author":"McCrimmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b46-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701653377","article-title":"Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as 'metabolic syndrome type II'?","volume":"19","author":"McIntyre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b47-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20686","article-title":"Depression gets old fast: Do stress and depression accelerate cell aging?","volume":"27","author":"Wolkowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b48-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report","volume":"163","author":"Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b49-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.02.006","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers predict depressive, but not anxiety symptoms during aging: The prospective Sydney Memory and Aging Study","volume":"37","author":"Baune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b50-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-142","article-title":"Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyper-permeability contributes to major depressive disorder: A review of clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"10","author":"Najjar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b51-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2012_211","article-title":"Inflammation and depression","volume":"14","author":"Zunszain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b52-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b53-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.166","article-title":"Assessment of a multi-assay, serum-based biological diagnostic test for major depressive disorder: A pilot and replication study","volume":"18","author":"Papakostas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b54-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2565","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Rivest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b55-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8450","article-title":"Efficient delivery of circulating poliovirus to the central nervous system independently of poliovirus receptor","volume":"229","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b56-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/088282403322396208","article-title":"Invasion and persistence of the neuroadapted influenza virus A\/WSN\/33 in the mouse olfactory system","volume":"16","author":"Aronsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b57-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002286","article-title":"HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system occurs in two distinct cell types","volume":"7","author":"Schnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b58-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025994","article-title":"HIV-1gp120 induces neuronal apoptosis through enhancement of 4-aminopyridine-senstive outward K+ currents","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b59-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8564","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.A111.268466","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat protein promotes neuronal dysfunction through disruption of microRNAs","volume":"288","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b60-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-008-9143-1","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and ageing in the HAART era","volume":"4","author":"Brew","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b61-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.02.008","article-title":"Systemic injection of LPS induces region-specific neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in normal mouse brain","volume":"69","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b62-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-172","article-title":"Viruses and neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b63-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90462.2008","article-title":"T cell transfer model of chronic colitis: Concepts, considerations, and tricks of the trade","volume":"296","author":"Ostanin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b64-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6526","article-title":"Cutting edge: TGF-\u03b2 signaling is required for the in vivo expansion and immunosuppressive capacity of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells","volume":"173","author":"Huber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b65-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b66-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-006-9021-7","article-title":"Debate: 'is increasing neuroinflammation beneficial for neural repair?'","volume":"1","author":"Crutcher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b67-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2398","article-title":"Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS?","volume":"9","author":"Popovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b68-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.07.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Potential environmental triggers, pathways, and targets for early therapeutic intervention","volume":"208","author":"Tansey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"key20180108023621_b69-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05984.x","article-title":"Differential gene expression in LPS\/IFNgamma activated microglia and macrophages: In vitro versus in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Schmid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b70-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004","article-title":"Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Block","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b71-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.07.012","article-title":"Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"274","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b72-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10805","article-title":"Presence of dendritic cells, MCP-1, and activated microglia\/macrophages in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord tissue","volume":"55","author":"Henkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b73-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.010","article-title":"Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration","volume":"26","author":"Mrak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b74-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004","article-title":"Role of microglia in central nervous system infections","volume":"17","author":"Rock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b75-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1198","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity is inhibited by morphine through an opioid receptor-independent reduction of NADPH oxidase activity","volume":"179","author":"Qian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b76-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-82","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of proapoptotic kinase protein kinase C\u03b4 by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 death receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons during neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b77-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01260.x","article-title":"Decreased availability of intestinal dopamine in transmural colitis may relate to inhibitory effects of interferon-\u03b3 upon L-DOPA uptake","volume":"180","author":"Magro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b78-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970802278557","article-title":"Expression of TLR4 and CD14 in the central nervous system (CNS) in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's-like disease","volume":"30","author":"Panaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b79-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909142","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"362","author":"Querfurth","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b80-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b81-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt097","article-title":"Is SOD1 loss of function involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?","volume":"136","author":"Saccon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b82-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3432","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408780111","article-title":"Critical role of all-trans retinoic acid in stabilizing human natural regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions","volume":"111","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b83-mmr-13-04-3391","first-page":"13","article-title":"CD4+ T cells mediate cytotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"119","author":"Appel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key20180108023621_b84-mmr-13-04-3391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9001614","article-title":"Proteomic studies of nitrated alpha-synuclein microglia regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells","volume":"8","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"}],"container-title":["Molecular Medicine Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948\/download","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]],"date-time":"2018-01-07T23:45:42Z","timestamp":1515368742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1791-2997","1791-3004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1791-2997","type":"print"},{"value":"1791-3004","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]}}}