{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:26:19Z","timestamp":1790187979748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Spandidos Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T06:42:31Z","timestamp":1500014551000},"page":"3023-3033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Sexual dimorphism of frailty and cognitive impairment: Potential underlying mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3892","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qingwei","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"D'Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Sancarlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuowei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2249","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20180108002428_b1-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b2-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04793.x","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of dementia in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama study","volume":"977","author":"Fujishima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b3-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.1992","article-title":"Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies. EURODEM Incidence Research Group","volume":"53","author":"Andersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b4-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.9.809","article-title":"The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b5-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P137","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.3.P137","article-title":"Sex differences after all those years? Heritability of cognitive abilities in old age","volume":"61","author":"Read","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b6-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.01.002","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b7-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.2.177","article-title":"Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project","volume":"66","author":"Letenneur","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b8-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.132","article-title":"Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Incidence data from the kungsholmen project, stockholm","volume":"48","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b9-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009489","article-title":"Incidence and risk of dementia. The rotterdam study","volume":"147","author":"Ott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b10-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020193","article-title":"Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Investigators: The incidence of dementia in England and Wales: Findings from the five identical sites of the MRC CFA study","volume":"2","author":"Matthews","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b11-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"140","article-title":"Sarcopenia: A major modifiable cause of frailty in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Roubenoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b12-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b13-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: Facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014","volume":"5","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b14-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft128","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenia in very old individuals according to the European consensus definition: Insights from the BELFRAIL study","volume":"42","author":"Legrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b15-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0108-3","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy community-dwelling elderly in an urban area of Barcelona (Spain)","volume":"16","author":"Masanes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b16-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls071","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the Korean population based on the fourth Korean national health and nutritional examination surveys","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b17-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12193","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan: A pooled analysis for a broader adoption of sarcopenia assessments","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b18-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70291-0","article-title":"Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: An updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Jack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b19-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70044-9","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2 deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Villemagne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b20-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430180093036","article-title":"Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported","volume":"262","author":"Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b21-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.2.198","article-title":"Prevalence of AD among whites: A summary by levels of severity","volume":"55","author":"Hy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b22-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4821","article-title":"Age, sex, and APOE \u03b54 effects on memory, brain structure, and \u03b2-amyloid across the adult life span","volume":"72","author":"Jack","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b23-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.2.169","article-title":"Sex differences in brain aging: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"55","author":"Coffey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b24-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830070031007","article-title":"Sex differences in human brain morphometry and metabolism: An in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography study on the effect of aging","volume":"53","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b25-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.3.268","article-title":"Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontalgray matter","volume":"7","author":"Raz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b26-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00194.2001","article-title":"Age and gender predict volume decline in the anterior and posterior hippocampus in early adulthood","volume":"21","author":"Pruessner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b27-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.051","article-title":"Hippocampal shape analysis using medial surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Bouix","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b28-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4065\/71.3.275","article-title":"Epidemiology of dementia in Rochester, Minnesota","volume":"71","author":"Kokmen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b29-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"241","article-title":"Incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population","volume":"18","author":"Nitrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b30-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.10.1589","article-title":"Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence rates do not vary by sex in Rochester, Minn","volume":"59","author":"Edland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b31-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31823dbcfc","article-title":"Age-specific and sex-specific prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer dementia in blacks and whites: A report from the einstein aging study","volume":"26","author":"Katz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b32-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00231-7","article-title":"Incidence of dementia: Does gender make a difference?","volume":"22","author":"Ruitenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b33-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.04.006","article-title":"Gender, sex steroid hormones, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"63","author":"Vest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b34-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.12.004","article-title":"Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency","volume":"20","author":"Ruan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b35-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1637","article-title":"Cognitive Frailty: A systematic review of epidemiological and neurobiological evidence of an age-related clinical condition","volume":"18","author":"Panza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b36-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b37-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0535-z","article-title":"Cognitive aspects of frailty: Mechanisms behind the link between frailty and cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Halil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b38-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2110","article-title":"The endocrine system and ageing","volume":"211","author":"Chahal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b39-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5337.419","article-title":"The endocrinology of aging","volume":"278","author":"Lamberts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b40-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2576","article-title":"Iron and menopause: Does increased iron affect the health of postmenopausal women?","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b41-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.7.912","article-title":"Sex differences in the association of endogenous sex hormone levels and glucose tolerance status in older men and women","volume":"23","author":"Goodman-Gruen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b42-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00688-8","article-title":"The serum level of free testosterone is reduced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"195","author":"Militello","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b43-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094199.60829.F5","article-title":"Low androgenization index in elderly women and elderly men with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"62","author":"Paoletti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b44-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1016260","article-title":"Androgen metabolism and the menopause","volume":"16","author":"Longcope","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b45-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.008","article-title":"Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"32","author":"Rosario","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b46-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009519","article-title":"Sex hormones and age: A cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men","volume":"147","author":"Ferrini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b47-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7219","article-title":"Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging: Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore longitudinal study of aging","volume":"86","author":"Harman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b48-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.11.009","article-title":"A view of geriatrics through hormones. What is the relation between andropause and well-known geriatric syndromes?","volume":"74","author":"Samaras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b49-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.006","article-title":"Frailty, sarcopenia, and hormones","volume":"42","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b50-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01121.x","article-title":"Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and frailty in older men","volume":"55","author":"Mohr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b51-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln026","article-title":"Multiple hormonal deficiencies in anabolic hormones are found in frail older women: The women's health and aging studies","volume":"64","author":"Cappola","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b52-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7537","article-title":"Potentially predictive and manipulable blood serum correlates of aging in the healthy human male: Progressive decreases in bioavailable testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the ratio of insulin-like growth factor 1 to growth hormone","volume":"94","author":"Morley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b53-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0417","article-title":"Sex hormones and frailty in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study","volume":"94","author":"Cawthon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b54-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0952","article-title":"Testosterone but not estradiol level is positively related to muscle strength and physical performance independent of muscle mass: A cross-sectional study in 1489 older men","volume":"164","author":"Auyeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b55-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0143","article-title":"Changes in reproductive hormone concentrations predict the prevalence and progression of the frailty syndrome in older men: The concord health and ageing in men project","volume":"96","author":"Travison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b56-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032401","article-title":"Sex differences in the association between serum levels of testosterone and frailty in an elderly population: The toledo study for healthy aging","volume":"7","author":"Carcaillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b57-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.07.009","article-title":"Age-related changes in matching novel objects across viewpoints","volume":"51","author":"Pilz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b58-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn100","article-title":"Sex differences and the impact of steroid hormones on the developing human brain","volume":"19","author":"Neufang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b59-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.4.833","article-title":"Endogenous estrogen levels and Alzheimer's disease among postmenopausal women","volume":"54","author":"Manly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b60-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19198","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505203102","article-title":"Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta b plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model","volume":"102","author":"Yue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b61-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05708.2003","article-title":"Cyclic estrogen replacement improves cognitive function in aged ovariectomized rhesus monkeys","volume":"23","author":"Rapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b62-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.021","article-title":"Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in turner syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study of X-monosomy","volume":"42","author":"Kesler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b63-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70022-3","article-title":"The women's health initiative memory study: Findings and implications for treatment","volume":"4","author":"Craig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b64-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.2.188","article-title":"Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer disease in older men","volume":"62","author":"Moffat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b65-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"203","article-title":"Testosterone and gonadotropin levels in men with dementia","volume":"24","author":"Hogervorst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b66-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020419","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of serum free testosterone concentration predicts memory performance and cognitive status in elderly men","volume":"87","author":"Moffat","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b67-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.068","article-title":"Testosterone regulation of Alzheimer-like neuropathology in male 3xTg-AD mice involves both estrogen and androgen pathways","volume":"1359","author":"Rosario","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b68-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.51","article-title":"Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility, cognition, and other parameters in older men: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Emmelot-Vonk","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b69-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01595","article-title":"Hormones as \u2018difference makers\u2019 in cognitive and socioemotional aging processes","volume":"5","author":"Ebner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b70-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12326","article-title":"How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response tovaccination","volume":"14","author":"Giefing-Kr\u00f6ll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b71-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2009.0942","article-title":"Gender-related immune-inflammatory factors, age-related diseases, and longevity","volume":"13","author":"Candore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b72-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.04.014","article-title":"Probing the impact of sex steroids and menopause-related sex steroid deprivation on modulation of immune senescence","volume":"78","author":"Vrachnis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b73-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12143","article-title":"Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-\u03b2, NF-\u03baB and GnRH","volume":"497","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b74-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9728.2004.00101.x","article-title":"How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer's disease in old age: The role of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"3","author":"Blasko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b75-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.049","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength","volume":"119","author":"Schaap","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b76-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-010-9287-2","article-title":"Aging, frailty and age-related diseases","volume":"11","author":"Fulop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b77-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.04.003","article-title":"Effects of polymorphisms in immunity-related genes on the immune system and successful aging","volume":"29","author":"Ruan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b78-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2006.09.002","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Differences and similarities in male and female patients","volume":"37","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b79-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","article-title":"Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b80-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.03.002","article-title":"Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues","volume":"21","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b81-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S527","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100501","article-title":"Why women have more Alzheimer's disease than men: Gender and mitochondrial toxicity of amyloid-beta peptide","volume":"20","author":"Vi\u00f1a","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b82-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.607","article-title":"Cardiac disease associated with increased risk of nonamnestic cognitive impairment: Stronger effect on women","volume":"70","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b83-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.01.001","article-title":"Association of diabetes with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b84-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.603","article-title":"Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia","volume":"70","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b85-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50507.x","article-title":"Is there a relationship between fat-free soft tissue mass and low cognitive function? Results from a study of 7,105 women","volume":"50","author":"Nourhash\u00e9mi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b86-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0110-9","article-title":"Physical frailty predicts future cognitive decline-a four-year prospective study in 2737 cognitively normal older adults","volume":"15","author":"Auyeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b87-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.38","article-title":"Reduced lean mass in early Alzheimer disease and its association with brain atrophy","volume":"67","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b88-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2165\/11597760-000000000-00000","article-title":"Contributions of brain insulin resistance and deficiency in amyloid-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"72","author":"de la Monte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b89-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr141","article-title":"Frailty status and altered glucose-insulin dynamics","volume":"67","author":"Kalyani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b90-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-04-01286.1990","article-title":"Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood","volume":"10","author":"Gould","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b91-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7507","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6410-09.2010","article-title":"Selective changes in thin spine density and morphology in monkey prefrontal cortex correlate with aging-related cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b92-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421285111","article-title":"Glutamatergic regulation prevents hippocampal-dependent age-related cognitive decline through dendritic spine clustering","volume":"111","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b93-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12070","article-title":"Sex, hormones, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus: Hormonal modulation of neurogenesis and potential functional implications","volume":"25","author":"Galea","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b94-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.08.006","article-title":"Uncovering the mechanisms of estrogen effects on hippocampal function","volume":"29","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b95-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120283","article-title":"New evidence of mitochondria dysfunction in the female Alzheimer's disease brain: Deficiency of estrogen receptor-\u03b2","volume":"30","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b96-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.09.013","article-title":"Evaluation of prefrontal-hippocampal effective connectivity following 24 hours of estrogen infusion: An FDG-PET study","volume":"33","author":"Ottowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b97-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.09.069","article-title":"Estrogen and aging affect the synaptic distribution of estrogen receptor \u03b2-immunoreactivity in the CA1 region of female rat hippocampus","volume":"1379","author":"Waters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b98-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2212","article-title":"Ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain","volume":"54","author":"Petanceska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b99-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00016","article-title":"Exploring the contribution of estrogen to amyloid-beta regulation: A novel multifactorial computational modeling approach","volume":"4","author":"Anastasio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b100-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8430","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2752-08.2008","article-title":"Role of Dickkopf-1, an antagonist of the Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway, in estrogen-induced neuroprotection and attenuation of tau phosphorylatio","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b101-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721552.x","article-title":"Estrogen modulates neuronal Bcl-xL expression and beta-amyloidinduced apoptosis: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"72","author":"Pike","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b102-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225649","article-title":"Steroids as \u03b3-secretase modulators","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b103-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1464","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol and progesterone regulate expression of \u03b2-amyloid clearance factors in primary neuron cultures and female rat brain","volume":"153","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b104-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"2545","article-title":"\u2018Add-back\u2019 estrogen reverses cognitive deficits induced by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri","volume":"81","author":"Sherwin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b105-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.05.012","article-title":"Testosterone levels and cognition in elderly men: A review","volume":"69","author":"Holland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b106-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1202","article-title":"Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptides","volume":"97","author":"Gouras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b107-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103906","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/103906","article-title":"Protective effects of testosterone on presynaptic terminals against oligomeric \u03b2-amyloid peptide in primary culture of hippocampal neurons","volume":"2014","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b108-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0002-7","article-title":"The hormonal pathway to cognitive impairment in older men","volume":"16","author":"Maggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b109-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.02044.x","article-title":"Androgens selectively protect against apoptosis in hippocampal neurones","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b110-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03024-4","article-title":"Testosterone attenuates beta-amyloid toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"919","author":"Pike","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b111-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.116","article-title":"The sex-specific associations of the aromatase gene with Alzheimer's disease and its interaction with IL10 in the epistasis project","volume":"22","author":"Medway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b112-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3601","article-title":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Higher rates of decline for women and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers","volume":"34","author":"Holland","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b113-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21843","article-title":"APOE predicts amyloid-beta but not tau Alzheimer pathology in cognitively normal aging","volume":"67","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b114-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.015","article-title":"Trajectories of memory decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Results from the Australian imaging, biomarkers and lifestyle flagship study of ageing","volume":"36","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b115-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.269","article-title":"Pittsburgh compound B imaging and prediction of progression from cognitive normality to symptomatic Alzheimer disease","volume":"66","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b116-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.6.953","article-title":"Sex, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 status, and hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"62","author":"Fleisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b117-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12156","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E \u03b54 allele interacts with sex and cognitive status to influence all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US older adults","volume":"61","author":"Beydoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b118-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"803","article-title":"Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: A possible clue to the higherincidence of Alzheimer disease in women","volume":"58","author":"Payami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b119-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.286","article-title":"Posterior cingulate glucose metabolism, hippocampal glucose metabolism, and hippocampal volume in cognitively normal, late-middle-aged persons at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer disease","volume":"70","author":"Protas","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b120-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03180.1998","article-title":"Increased synaptic sprouting in response to estrogen via an apolipoprotein E-dependent mechanism: Implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Stone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b121-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm365","article-title":"Sex-dependent association of a common low-density lipoprotein receptor polymorphism with RNA splicing efficiency in the brain and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b122-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22301","article-title":"Long-standing balancing selection in the THBS4 gene: Influence on sex-specific brain expression and gray matter volumes in Alzheimer disease","volume":"34","author":"Cagliani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b123-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.006","article-title":"Sortilin receptor 1 predicts longitudinal cognitive change","volume":"34","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b124-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.005","article-title":"Gender-specific association of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) polymorphisms with the riskof late-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b125-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600989211","article-title":"Complex disease, gender and epigenetics","volume":"38","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b126-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"3561","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: The rancho bernardo study","volume":"85","author":"Laughlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b127-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.09.008","article-title":"Diurnal profiles of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase change across the adult lifespan: Evidence from repeated daily life assessments","volume":"38","author":"Nater","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b128-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(98)00046-1","article-title":"Aging and the adrenal cortex","volume":"33","author":"Yen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b129-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.07.009","article-title":"Ageing, depression, anxiety, social support and the diurnal rhythm and awakening response of salivary cortisol","volume":"78","author":"Heaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b130-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010","article-title":"Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Burke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b131-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-3-551","article-title":"Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfateconcentrations throughout adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Orentreich","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b132-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17376.x","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and aging","volume":"774","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b133-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4507","article-title":"Aging alters zonation in the adrenal cortex of men","volume":"82","author":"Parker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b134-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.2.190","article-title":"Higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol in frail older women","volume":"63","author":"Varadhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b135-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.11.006","article-title":"Salivary cortisol and frailty syndrome in elderly residents of long-stay institutions: Across-sectional study","volume":"54","author":"Holanda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b136-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.5.536","article-title":"Altered growth hormone, cortisol, and leptin secretion in healthy elderly persons with sarcopenia and mixed body composition phenotypes","volume":"63","author":"Waters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b137-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy","volume":"197","author":"Schakman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b138-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.04.009","article-title":"Altered responses in skeletal muscle protein turnover during aging in anabolic and catabolic periods","volume":"37","author":"Attaix","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b139-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.117215","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b140-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324545","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and their relationships with serum interleukin-6, in the geriatric syndrome of frailty","volume":"16","author":"Leng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b141-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02355.x","article-title":"Endocrine and inflammatory markers as predictors of frailty","volume":"63","author":"Puts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b142-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130049","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and aging","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b143-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-008-7243-2","article-title":"Exploring the complex relations between inflammation and aging (inflamm-aging): Anti-inflamm-aging remodelling of inflamm-aging, from robustness to frailty","volume":"57","author":"Giunta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b144-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0760","article-title":"Low serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly Swedish men","volume":"95","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b145-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.9.957","article-title":"DHEAS levels and mortality in disabled older women: The women's health and aging study I","volume":"61","author":"Cappola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b146-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp015","article-title":"The association between dehydroepiandosterone and frailty in older men and women","volume":"38","author":"Voznesensky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b147-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq072","article-title":"Concurrent change in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and functional performance in the oldest old: Results from the cardiovascular health study all stars study","volume":"65","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b148-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345117","article-title":"Cortisol, DHEAS and aging: Resistance to cortisol suppression in frail institutionalized elderly","volume":"26","author":"Carvalhaes-Neto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b149-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.810","article-title":"Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b150-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.12.026","article-title":"Elevated basal cortisol level predicts lower hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b151-mmr-16-03-3023","first-page":"2458","article-title":"Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines: MacArthur studies of successful aging","volume":"82","author":"Seeman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b152-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181b970ae","article-title":"The association between serum cortisol and cognative decline in older persons","volume":"18","author":"Comijs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b153-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00025-7","article-title":"The relationship between stress induced cortisol levels and memory differs between men and women","volume":"26","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b154-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.028","article-title":"Hippocampus: Cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory","volume":"44","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b155-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.106646","article-title":"Association of age, sex, and racewith body iron stores in adults: Analysis of NHANES III data","volume":"140","author":"Zacharski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b156-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5710(95)00426-2","article-title":"Serum ferritin in Danes: Studies of iron status from infancy to old age, during blood donation and pregnancy","volume":"63","author":"Milman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b157-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92463-6","article-title":"Iron and the sex difference in heart disease risk","volume":"1","author":"Sullivan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b158-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.142","article-title":"Are menstruating women protected from heart disease because of, or in spite of, estrogen? Relevance to the iron hypothesis","volume":"145","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b159-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.6.603","article-title":"Reduction of iron stores and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"297","author":"Zacharski","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b160-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01811467","article-title":"Iron stores in 1359, 30- to 60-year-old Danish women: Evaluation by serum ferritin and hemoglobin","volume":"64","author":"Milman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b161-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.032","article-title":"Iron, inflammation and atherosclerosis risk in men vs. perimenopausal women","volume":"241","author":"Raman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b162-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.005","article-title":"Brain ferritin iron may influence age- and gender-related risks of neurodegeneration","volume":"28","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b163-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2008.06.002","article-title":"Anemia and the frail elderly","volume":"45","author":"Artz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b164-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.6.5.577","article-title":"Impact and treatment of anemia in the elderly: Clinical, epidemiological and economic perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Duh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b165-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1893","article-title":"Intracellular iron transport and storage: From molecular mechanisms to health implications","volume":"10","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b166-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002865","article-title":"Iron accumulation with age, oxidative stress and functional decline","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b167-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.10.006","article-title":"Is stored iron is safe ?","volume":"144","author":"Sullivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b168-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.22","article-title":"Gender and iron genes may modify associations between brain iron and memory in healthy aging","volume":"36","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b169-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1239","article-title":"Increased iron and free radical generation in preclinical Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b170-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-2-2","article-title":"Iron behaving badly: Inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kell","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b171-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7760","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid predict Alzheimer's disease outcomes and are regulated by APOE","volume":"6","author":"Ayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b172-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.14.6.857","article-title":"Serum ferritin, sex hormones, and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women","volume":"14","author":"Berge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b173-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3283403942","article-title":"Explaining sex difference in coronary heart disease: Is it time to shift from the oestrogen hypothesis to the ironhypothesis?","volume":"12","author":"Mascitelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b174-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000082366","article-title":"Is serum ferritin an additional cardiovascular risk factor for all postmenopausal women?","volume":"48","author":"Masse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b175-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.01.017","article-title":"Estrogen contributes to regulating iron metabolism through governing ferroportin signaling via an estrogenresponse element","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b176-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.09.060","article-title":"Estrogen regulates iron homeostasis through governing hepatic hepcidin expression via an estrogen response element","volume":"511","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"key20180108002428_b177-mmr-16-03-3023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2045","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol inhibits iron hormone hepcidin through an estrogen responsive element half-site","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Molecular Medicine Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T02:15:08Z","timestamp":1569809708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spandidos-publications.com\/10.3892\/mmr.2017.6988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3892\/mmr.2017.6988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2017.6988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1791-2997","1791-3004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1791-2997","type":"print"},{"value":"1791-3004","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}}}