{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:47:28Z","timestamp":1789915648724,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FM"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>: Periodontitis and apical periodontitis are multifactorial inflammatory diseases involving microbial activity and host responses that lead to tissue destruction. Biomarkers such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the osteoprotegerin (OPG) system in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been investigated for their diagnostic and prognostic roles in these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>: This study evaluates these biomarkers\u2019 levels to differentiate between stage I and stage III periodontitis, and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods<\/jats:bold>: This cross-sectional study included 90 participants divided into three groups: stage I periodontitis, stage III periodontitis, and healthy control. GCF samples were collected from all participants in this study to measure the immunomarkers using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: The result revealed significantly higher levels of RANKL and OPG in stage I periodontitis compared to stage III periodontitis and controls. Additionally, we observed a significant difference between the study groups in the RANK\/OPG and RANKL\/OPG ratios, with stage I periodontitis showing the highest ratios.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>: This study demonstrated that the levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can serve as valuable biomarkers for distinguishing between stage I and stage III periodontitis. The results showed a significant increase in RANKL and OPG levels in stage I periodontitis compared to stage III and control groups. Moreover, the RANK\/OPG and RANKL\/OPG ratios were significantly higher in stage I periodontitis, indicating their potential as diagnostic indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.67.e144949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T07:38:18Z","timestamp":1747381098000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunodiagnostic potential of the RANK\/RANKL\/OPG ratio in gingival crevicular fluid for periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6936-5652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thuraya K.","family":"Alwandawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq., Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"144949_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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