{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:47:00Z","timestamp":1753894020489,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FM"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>: This study aimed to identify bacterial pathogens causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and asthma attacks by evaluating nasopharyngeal swabs tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and simultaneous sputum cultures from hospitalized patients, and to assess the contribution of PCR to causative agent identification.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods<\/jats:bold>: Patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbations or asthma attacks from September 2022 to May 2023 were included. Bacterial pathogens were evaluated using PCR on nasopharyngeal swab samples, with simultaneous sputum culture results recorded. Analyzed pathogens included <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Frequencies of pathogens detected by PCR and culture were compared.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: The study included 911 patients. Nasopharyngeal swabs and simultaneous sputum cultures were obtained from 448 patients with COPD exacerbations and 127 patients with asthma attacks. In COPD exacerbations, <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> was detected in 52 (8.7%) patients and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in 32 (5.3%) by PCR, compared to 2 (0.4%) and 3 (0.7%) patients by sputum culture, respectively. In asthma attacks, <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> was detected in 20 (6.5%) patients and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in 11 (3.5%) patients by PCR, with <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> detected by sputum culture only in 1 (0.8%) patient. <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were significantly higher in COPD exacerbations and asthma attacks using PCR (p&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>: PCR may detect bacterial pathogens in COPD exacerbations and asthma attacks more effectively than sputum culture within the context of this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.67.e152245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T14:29:46Z","timestamp":1749220186000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced detection of respiratory pathogens using PCR in COPD and asthma exacerbations"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Sava\u015f","family":"Gegin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Chest Diseases Clinic, Samsun, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7094-837X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmet Cemal","family":"Pazarl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokat Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University, Tokat, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Chest Diseases Clinic, Samsun, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun University, Samsun, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esra Arslan","family":"Aksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun University, Samsun, Turkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"152245_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Wedzicha JA, Donaldson GC. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care 2003; 48(12):1204\u201313.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203913406.ch9"},{"key":"152245_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Jackson DJ, Sykes A, Mallia P, et al. Asthma exacerbations: origin, effect, and prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128(6):1165\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.024"},{"key":"152245_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Dickson RP, Martinez FJ, Huffnagle GB. The role of the microbiome in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. Lancet 2014; 384(9944):691\u2013702.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61136-3"},{"key":"152245_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Akin B, T\u00fclek B, Arslan U, et al. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in sputum during COPD exacerbations by real-time PCR. Solunum 2011; 13(1):32\u201340.","DOI":"10.5505\/solunum.2011.88156"},{"key":"152245_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, van den Eeden WC,et al. Improved diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time PCR. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41(3):345\u201351.","DOI":"10.1086\/431588"},{"key":"152245_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Stralin K, T\u00f6rnqvist E, Kaltoft MS, et al. Etiologic diagnosis of adult bacterial pneumonia by culture and PCR applied to respiratory tract samples. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(2):643\u20135.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.643-645.2006"},{"key":"152245_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Niewoehner DE. The impact of severe exacerbations on quality of life and clinical course of COPD. Am J Med 2006; 119(10 Suppl 1):38\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.08.006"},{"key":"152245_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Hirschmann JV. Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD? Chest 2000; 118(1):193\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.1.193"},{"key":"152245_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. De Serres G, Lampron N, La Forge J, et al. Importance of viral and bacterial infections in COPD exacerbations. J Clin Virol 2009; 46(2):129\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.07.010"},{"key":"152245_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Yoshii Y, Shimizu K, Morozumi M, et al. Detection of pathogens by real-time PCR in adult patients with acute asthma exacerbation. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17(1):150.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0494-3"},{"key":"152245_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Shimizu K, Yoshii Y, Morozumi M, et al. Pathogens in COPD exacerbations identified by comprehensive PCR and older methods. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:2009\u201316.","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S82752"},{"key":"152245_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Wark PA, Tooze M, Powell H, et al. Viral and bacterial infection in acute asthma and COPD increases risk of readmission. Respirology 2013; 18(6):996\u20131002.","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12099"},{"key":"152245_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Iikura M, Hojo M, Koketsu R, et al. Importance of bacterial and viral infections in adult asthma exacerbations in clinical practice. 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