{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:37:35Z","timestamp":1792647455338,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Apical periodontitis (AP) is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting from microbial infection of the dental pulp. The host immune response and microbial interactions play a significant role in the disease\u2019s progression. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) provides a valuable, non-invasive source for detecting inflammatory biomarkers involved in AP, such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and IL-23.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>\n                    : To evaluate the levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and IL-23 in GCF among individuals with symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP), asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP), and healthy controls, and to assess their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : This cross-sectional study included 90 participants aged 20\u201350 years, divided into three groups: SAP (n=30), AAP (n=30), and healthy controls (n=30). GCF samples were collected using Periostrips, and cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with significance set at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;0.05.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and IL-23 levels were significantly elevated in the SAP group compared to the AAP and control groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;0.01). IL-10 showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.806), followed by IL-1\u03b2 (AUC=0.714). IL-23, although significantly elevated in SAP, had lower diagnostic value (AUC=0.636). Strong positive correlations were observed between IL-1\u03b2 and IL-10, as well as IL-1\u03b2 and IL-23.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The elevated levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and IL-23 in GCF reflect their involvement in the inflammatory processes of apical periodontitis. IL-10 demonstrated the greatest potential as a diagnostic biomarker. These findings support the clinical utility of GCF cytokine profiling for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of AP progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.67.e161643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T16:27:42Z","timestamp":1764347262000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid for diagnostic differentiation of apical periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7757-9039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeena Tariq","family":"Abdulhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2243-1911","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shareef","family":"Radhi Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6936-5652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thuraya K.","family":"Alwandawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq., Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1063-6072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zainab Y.","family":"Muhsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"161643_B1","unstructured":"1. 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