{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:22:27Z","timestamp":1791922947205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Appetite is primarily regulated by complex neuroendocrine pathways that integrate peripheral and central signals to maintain energy homeostasis. Two principal systems govern feeding behavior: the homeostatic system, which responds to metabolic needs, and the hedonic system, which is driven by reward and sensory inputs. The gastrointestinal tract, one of the largest endocrine organs, plays a pivotal role by secreting appetite-regulating hormones in response to nutrients. These signals act on central circuits, particularly within the hypothalamus, involving first-order neurons such as neuropeptide Y\/agouti-related peptide and pro-opiomelanocortin\/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. In addition, gut-derived hormones like ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, and others modulate central and vagal pathways. This review provides a detailed account of the molecular and anatomical mechanisms underlying appetite regulation, focusing on the neuroendocrine interactions between the gut and the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.68.e156353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:59:51Z","timestamp":1769788791000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroendocrine regulation of appetite"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-5341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Botushanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-6738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Botushanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-0936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albena","family":"Botushanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"156353_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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