{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1782823572141,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The caudate nucleus (CN) plays a central role in motor control, cognition, and emotional regulation. Structural alterations of the CN have been associated with various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. While volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the standard for assessing CN morphology, linear morphometry offers a simpler and more accessible alternative that does not require advanced post-processing. Normative data on age- and sex-related variations in CN linear dimensions remain limited.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>\n                    : This study aimed to establish reference values for CN linear measurements and evaluate their associations with age and sex in healthy adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A total of 241 neurologically healthy adults (134 females, 107 males; aged 30\u201370 years) underwent 1.5-T MRI. Individuals with structural brain abnormalities, prior neurosurgery, or systemic disease were excluded. Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test. Sex differences were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and age correlations were evaluated using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient (\u03c1).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Males demonstrated significantly greater right CN width compared with females (U=2756.0,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.045,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.15). Age showed a weak but significant negative correlation with left CN length (\u03c1=\u22120.18,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.015). No additional significant sex- or age-related differences were observed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : This study establishes normative CN linear morphometric values and demonstrates subtle sex- and age-related variations. Linear CN measurements may support personalized neurosurgical planning and aid in the development of structural biomarkers. Longitudinal and multimodal studies are warranted to validate their predictive value.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.68.e180527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:07:33Z","timestamp":1782821253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex and age effects on caudate nucleus size: implications for neurosurgery and neurodegenerative biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Shayan","family":"Yousufzai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajede","family":"Radmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Khandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehleh","family":"Zareifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hamed","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reihane","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Piagkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Triantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"180527_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Good CD, Johnsrude I, Ashburner J, et al. Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: A voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 2001; 14:685\u2013700.","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0857"},{"key":"180527_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruigrok ANV, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Lai M-C, et al. A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 39:34\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004"},{"key":"180527_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliot L, Ahmed A, Khan H, et al. Dump the \u201cdimorphism\u201d: Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male\u2013female differences beyond size. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:667\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026"},{"key":"180527_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seger CA, Cincotta CM. The roles of the caudate nucleus in human classification learning. J Neurosci 2005; 25:2941\u201351.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3401-04.2005"},{"key":"180527_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raz N, Rodrigue KM, Kennedy KM, et al. Vascular health and longitudinal changes in brain and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. Neuropsychology 2007; 21:149\u201357.","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.21.2.149"},{"key":"180527_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Structural brain changes in aging: Courses, causes, and cognitive consequences. Rev Neurosci 2010; 21:187\u2013221.","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2010.21.3.187"},{"key":"180527_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daugherty A, Raz N. Age-related differences in iron content of subcortical nuclei observed in vivo: A meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2013; 70:113\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.040"},{"key":"180527_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leh\u00e9ricy S, Ducros M, Van de Moortele P, et al. Diffusion tensor fiber tracking shows distinct corticostriatal circuits in humans. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:522\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20030"},{"key":"180527_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basaia S, Zavarella M, Rugarli G, et al. Caudate functional networks influence brain structural changes with aging. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae116.","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae116"},{"key":"180527_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morey RA, Petty CM, Xu Y, et al. A comparison of automated segmentation and manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal and amygdala volumes. Neuroimage 2009; 45:855\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.033"},{"key":"180527_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kravitz DJ, Saleem KS, Baker CI, et al. A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:217\u201330.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3008"},{"key":"180527_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Caldwell JZK, Cummings JL, et al. Sex modulates the pathological aging effect on caudate functional connectivity in mild cognitive impairment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:804168.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.804168"},{"key":"180527_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn A, K\u00fchn AA. Lead-DBS: A toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localization and visualization. Neuroimage 2015; 107:127\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002"},{"key":"180527_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho SH, Kwon S, Rhyu IJ. The putamen and caudate nucleus volume in Korean youth by MRI volumetry. Korean J Phys Anthropol 2016; 29:121\u20137.","DOI":"10.11637\/kjpa.2016.29.3.121"},{"key":"180527_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagae LM, Honce JM, Tanabe J, et al. Microstructural changes within the basal ganglia differ between Parkinson disease subtypes. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00017"},{"key":"180527_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lach B, Grimes D, Benoit B, et al. Caudate nucleus pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Ultrastructural and biochemical findings in biopsy material. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 83:352\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713525"},{"key":"180527_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levman J, Kabaria P, Nangaku M, et al. Morphological abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia revealed by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:353.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12030353"},{"key":"180527_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krengel M, Keating D, Chao L, et al. Characterizing 1991 Gulf War women veterans: Demographics, exposures, neuroimaging and cognitive outcomes. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:1454\u201367.","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2344263"},{"key":"180527_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Shao Y, Wang J, et al. Machine learning based on functional and structural connectivity in mild cognitive impairment. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 109:10\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.02.013"}],"container-title":["Folia Medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/foliamedica.bg\/article\/180527\/download\/pdf\/","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/foliamedica.bg\/article\/180527\/download\/xml\/","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/foliamedica.bg\/article_preview.php?id=180527&skip_redirect=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:08:17Z","timestamp":1782821297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/foliamedica.bg\/article\/180527\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/folmed.68.e180527","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2143","0204-8043"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2143","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0204-8043","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"e180527"}}