{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:15Z","timestamp":1790927655474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ZK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The nudibranch genus\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    has traditionally been treated as taxonomically simple, but recent molecular studies suggest that it includes hidden species diversity across the Indo-Pacific. In this study, the\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia semperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    species complex was investigated from the coastal waters of Vietnam using an integrative approach. Thirty-five specimens from five localities were analysed using mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) and nuclear (H3) markers, together with external and internal morphological data and haplotype network analysis. Our results revealed two deeply divergent clades (Clades A and B) occurring sympatrically in Vietnam. These clades correspond to several molecular operational taxonomic units and show strong geographic structure across the Indo-West Pacific. One of these units (MOTU20), which falls within Clade B, corresponds to\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia ianthina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Angas, 1864), a valid species restricted to its type locality, Sydney Harbour, New South Wales; it is treated here as separate from the\n                    <jats:italic>P. semperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex. Nuclear data support the separation of the two clades as independent evolutionary lineages, whereas relationships among mitochondrial lineages within each clade remain unresolved. The two clades also differ in external morphology, especially in body colouration, pigmentation pattern, and ceratal arrangement, while internal anatomy is largely similar. Mitochondrial divergence in\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    is exceptionally high, including within clades, and exceeds values usually reported between species. This unusual pattern may reflect accelerated mitochondrial evolution, possibly linked to the photosymbiotic lifestyle of these nudibranchs. Our data show that Vietnamese populations of\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    include at least two species within a broader and highly diverse species complex. These findings confirm that\n                    <jats:italic>Pteraeolidia semperi<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a complex of cryptic or semi-cryptic taxa and highlight the need for genomic data to resolve species limits more precisely.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1293.195366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:14:57Z","timestamp":1790925297000},"page":"347-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dragons guard secrets: integrative systematics of Pteraeolidia semperi species complex (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) from Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"1293","author":[{"given":"Maria N.","family":"Meshik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Invertebrate Zoology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana I.","family":"Antokhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Invertebrate Morphology and Ecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yury V.","family":"Deart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Invertebrate Morphology and Ecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Chichvarkhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Center of Marine Biology FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Ekimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invertebrate Zoology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"195366_B1","unstructured":"Bergh LSR (1870) Malacologische Untersuchungen. 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