{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T22:53:44Z","timestamp":1775775224563,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AlpEnt"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Darwin wasp <jats:italic>Xorides ater<\/jats:italic> is a solitary idiobiont ectoparasitoid of wood-boring beetle larvae. It occurs across the Palaearctic, and in Switzerland seems to be restricted to areas above 980 m altitude. Very little is known about its biology and behaviour. We here report three separate instances of a female <jats:italic>X. ater<\/jats:italic> mating simultaneously with two males, observed on the same occasion on a <jats:italic>Picea abies<\/jats:italic> woodpile near Lenk, Switzerland. Only two copulae that involved one male and one female were observed at the same time, which might indicate that this mating mode is rather common in <jats:italic>X. ater<\/jats:italic>. We illustrate our observations with photo and video material and compare it to mating behaviour known from other species of Darwin wasps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3897\/alpento.5.64803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T15:35:54Z","timestamp":1621611354000},"page":"15-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Two males, one female: triplet-style mating behaviour in the Darwin wasp Xorides ater (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Xoridinae) in the Swiss Alps"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-8801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-3813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madalene","family":"Giannotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Herrera-Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4025-975X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seraina","family":"Klopfstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2258","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"64803_B1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Emergence and pairing of Rhyssa persuasoria L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).","volume":"5","author":"Baker","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Entomology and Natural History"},{"key":"64803_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12740"},{"key":"64803_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/jhr.71.32375"},{"key":"64803_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7322(99)00015-X"},{"key":"64803_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2003.062"},{"key":"64803_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210249"},{"key":"64803_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.forestry.a063207"},{"key":"64803_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(81)80178-9"},{"key":"64803_B9","author":"Crozier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Hymenoptera. In: Animal Cytogenetics Vol. 3: Insecta 7, ed. B."},{"key":"64803_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80350-1"},{"key":"64803_B11","author":"Gauld","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Hymenoptera."},{"key":"64803_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3914.82"},{"key":"64803_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207025"},{"key":"64803_B14","author":"Gravenhorst","year":"1829"},{"key":"64803_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093441"},{"key":"64803_B16","author":"Hilszcza\u0144ski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polish xoridines and their host associations. In: Melika G, Thur\u00f3czy C (Eds) Parasitic wasps: evolution, systematics, biodiversity and biological control."},{"key":"64803_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-007-9355-5"},{"key":"64803_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12333"},{"key":"64803_B19","author":"Quicke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitic wasps."},{"key":"64803_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118907085"},{"key":"64803_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-6395.2001.00094.x"},{"key":"64803_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1971.tb03117.x"},{"key":"64803_B23","first-page":"101","article-title":"Interactions between adults of some species of Netelia Gray (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae) and their caterpillar hosts (Lepidoptera).","volume":"10","author":"Shaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Hymenoptera Research"},{"key":"64803_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33338\/ef.84418"},{"key":"64803_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2009.10.001"},{"key":"64803_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01068061"},{"key":"64803_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/20.3.405"},{"key":"64803_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470696200"}],"container-title":["Alpine Entomology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/alpineentomology.pensoft.net\/article\/64803\/download\/pdf\/","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alpineentomology.pensoft.net\/article\/64803\/download\/xml\/","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/alpineentomology.pensoft.net\/article_preview.php?id=64803&skip_redirect=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T15:36:00Z","timestamp":1621611360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/alpineentomology.pensoft.net\/article\/64803\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/alpento.5.64803","relation":{},"ISSN":["2535-0889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2535-0889","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]}}}