{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:31:43Z","timestamp":1761060703283},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in osteoarthritic joints and correlate with a poor prognosis. Intraarticular corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone (Dxm), are commonly used therapies for osteoarthritis with or without CPPD deposition. Dxm has variable effects in mineralization models. We investigated the effects of Dxm on CPPD crystal formation in a well established tissue culture model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Porcine articular chondrocytes were incubated with ATP to generate CPPD crystals. Chondrocytes incubated with or without ATP were exposed to 1\u2013100 nM Dxm in the presence of<jats:sup>45<\/jats:sup>Ca. Mineralization was measured by<jats:sup>45<\/jats:sup>Ca uptake in the cell layer. We also investigated the effect of Dxm on mineralization-regulating enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (NTPPPH), and transglutaminase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dxm significantly increased ATP-induced mineralization by articular chondrocytes. While alkaline phosphatase and NTPPPH activities were unchanged by Dxm, transglutaminase activity increased in a dose-responsive manner. Levels of Factor XIIIA mRNA and protein were increased by Dxm, while type II Tgase protein was unchanged. Transglutaminase inhibitors suppressed Dxminduced increases in CPPD crystal formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest a potential for Dxm to contribute to pathologic mineralization in cartilage and reinforce a central role for the transglutaminase enzymes in CPPD crystal formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T17:18:16Z","timestamp":1543511896000},"page":"163-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dexamethasone Promotes Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Formation by Articular Chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"MARK","family":"FAHEY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELIZABETH","family":"MITTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EMILY","family":"MUTH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANN K.","family":"ROSENTHAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.1","first-page":"570","article-title":"The high prevalence of pathologic calcium crystals in pre-operative knees","volume":"29","author":"Derfus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0861"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.7.520"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200005000-00012"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198804000-00023","article-title":"Clinical features of pseudogout attack: A survey of 50 cases","volume":"229","author":"Masuda","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.10.3441"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.151.3.6718724","article-title":"Joint calcification following intra-articular corticosteroid therapy","volume":"151","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2018112909180214000_36.1.163.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668040-00005","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite deposition in articular cartilage by intra-articular injections of methylprednisolone. 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