{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:12:36Z","timestamp":1768255956789,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis of small and medium-size vessels, often associated with the hepatitis C virus. Research has shown an emerging role for chemokines and type 1 cytokines in the pathophysiology of this vasculitis. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) plays a role in initiating the cascade of immunoinflammatory responses, and levels of the interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) inducible chemokine CXCL10 have been shown to be significantly associated with the presence of active vasculitis in patients with MC. We evaluated serum levels of IL-1\u00df, IFN-\u03b3, and CXCL10 in a series of patients with hepatitis C-related MC (MC+HCV), and correlated these measurements with clinical disease features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum IL-1\u00df, IFN-\u03b3, and CXCL10 were assayed in 54 patients with MC+HCV, in 54 sex- and age-matched patients with type C chronic hepatitis without cryoglobulinemia (HCV+), and in 54 controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>MC+HCV patients showed significantly higher mean IL-1\u00df and CXCL10 serum levels than controls (p &lt; 0.01) or HCV+ patients (p &lt; 0.01). CXCL10 was significantly increased in 14 cryoglobulinemic patients with active vasculitis (necrotizing vasculitis or vasculitic skin ulcers) compared to those without (p &lt; 0.001); IL-1\u00df was increased in cryoglobulinemic patients with active vasculitis (p = 0.06). No differences were observed for serum IFN-\u03b3 levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum levels of IL-1\u00df and CXCL10 were high in patients with MC+HCV. Increased CXCL10 and IL-1\u00df levels were associated with the presence of active vasculitis in MC+HCV patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,17]],"date-time":"2009-11-17T03:20:20Z","timestamp":1258428020000},"page":"91-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Serum Concentrations of Interleukin 1\u00df, CXCL10, and Interferon-\u03b3 in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Associated with Hepatitis C Infection"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"ALESSANDRO","family":"ANTONELLI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CLODOVEO","family":"FERRI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SILVIA 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