{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:40:29Z","timestamp":1773924029917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black Africans reportedly experience a distinctly low risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether this protection was present among Africans with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>We determined disparities in CVD risk factor profiles (major conventional: hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes; other conventional: underweight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, alcohol consumption, tension, depression, and body height; nonconventional: rheumatoid factor status and markers of inflammation) and arterial stiffness (brachial pulse pressure) between 291 black and 335 other (229 white, 64 Asian, and 42 mixed ancestry) consecutive Africans with RA in multivariable regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for demographic characteristics and healthcare sector attendance, black Africans had more prevalent hypertension (OR 1.76, p = 0.01) and diabetes (OR 1.90, p = 0.07), smoked less frequently (OR 0.12, p &lt; 0.0001), and had concurrent lower total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations that resulted in unaltered atherogenic indices (p = 0.2) than the other participants in the study. These findings translated into global scores for major conventional risk factor-mediated future CVD event rates that were not reduced in black patients. Proportions of individual metabolic syndrome components differed between black and other patients but their total numbers of metabolic risk factors (p = 0.4) and metabolic syndrome frequencies (OR 1.44, p = 0.1) were similar. Black ethnicity did not independently associate with rheumatoid factor status, markers of inflammation, and brachial pulse pressures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall conventional and nonconventional atherosclerotic CVD risk burdens and arterial stiffness were not reduced in black patients with RA. CVD risk should be assessed and managed independent of ethnic origin and epidemiological transition stage in RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.091032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]],"date-time":"2010-03-15T22:56:18Z","timestamp":1268693778000},"page":"953-960","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Risk Factor Profiles for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Black and Other Africans with Established Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"AHMED","family":"SOLOMON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BERENICE F.","family":"CHRISTIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GAVIN R.","family":"NORTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANGELA J.","family":"WOODIWISS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PATRICK H.","family":"DESSEIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000054612.26458.B2","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"107","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Wolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099844.31524.05"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.03.004"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21397"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.6","first-page":"2425","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Dessein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22053"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.8","first-page":"943","article-title":"Influence of nonclassical cardiovascular risk factors on the accuracy of predicting subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Dessein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.004"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.059980"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094151","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis versus diabetes as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a cross sectional study. The CARRE Investigation","volume":"68","author":"van Halm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.190108"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.089862"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00114-3"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.099487"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.18","first-page":"591","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in black Americans 1920\u20131960: the shaping of medical opinion","volume":"81","author":"Peniston","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563452"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.05.001"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.21","first-page":"189","article-title":"Executive summary of the African-American initiative","volume":"9","author":"Yancy","year":"2007","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61087-4"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.23","first-page":"723","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on serum lipid profiles \u2014 the THUSA survey","volume":"92","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2002","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-326"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60417-1","article-title":"Spectrum of heart disease and risk factors in an urban population in South Africa (The Heart of Soweto Study): a cohort study","volume":"317","author":"Sliwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60951-X"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.34.2.128"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.05.005"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090288"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61778-4"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20612"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.060319"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169405"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780250903","article-title":"The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Further investigations of a health status measure","volume":"25","author":"Meenan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04244-X"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199504000-00006","article-title":"Measures of blood pressure and myocardial infarction in treated hypertensive patients","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080370500448641"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.07.042"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.001"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.42","first-page":"435","article-title":"Traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors are associated with atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Dessein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1717"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539569"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001299"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.46","first-page":"628","article-title":"Diabetes in Africans. Part 1: epidemiology and clinical specificities","volume":"27","author":"Sobngwi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.018"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870580"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.49","first-page":"814","article-title":"Public perceptions on national health insurance: Moving towards universal health coverage in South Africa","volume":"96","author":"Shisana","year":"2006","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-5-17"},{"key":"2018112909230162000_37.5.953.51","first-page":"602","article-title":"A pilot study to determine whether disability and disease activity are different in African-American and Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis in St. Louis, Missouri, USA","volume":"32","author":"Iren","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.3899\/jrheum.091032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T12:42:40Z","timestamp":1543495360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jrheum.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.3899\/jrheum.091032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3899\/jrheum.091032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.091032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0315-162X","1499-2752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0315-162X","type":"print"},{"value":"1499-2752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]}}}