{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:54:56Z","timestamp":1791258896313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognizing endogenous and exogenous danger signals could play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to describe the presence, localization, and extent of expression of TLR and their adapters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 receptors, and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, Toll\/interleukin receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter protein MyD88 adapter-like, and TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon\/TIR-containing adapter molecule-1 adapters were analyzed in RA (n = 10) and osteoarthritis (OA; n = 5) samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Their colocalization with cellular markers CD68, CD15, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, dendritic cell lysosomal-associated membrane protein (DC-LAMP), CD123, and 5B5 was analyzed in double immunofluorescence staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In RA, \u00df-actin standardized messenger RNA of TLR 2, 3, and 9 (p &lt; 0.001) were particularly high. TLR 5 and 6 were also elevated (p &lt; 0.05), but TLR 1 and 4 and adapters did not differ between RA and OA. In double-staining, TLR and adapters were strongly labeled in myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC), moderately in CD68+ type A lining cells\/macrophages, and weakly to moderately in 5B5+ type B lining cells\/fibroblasts. CD3+\/CD4+ and CD3+\/CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells in perivenular areas and in lymphoid follicles were moderately TLR- and weakly adapter-positive. In OA, TLR and adapters were weakly immunolabeled in vascular, lining, and inflammatory cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>RA synovium showed abundant expression of TLR. RA synovitis tissue seems to be responsive to TLR ligands. DC, type A cells\/macrophages, and type B cells\/fibroblasts are, in that order from highest to lowest, equipped with TLR, suggesting a hierarchical responsiveness. 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