{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:43:40Z","timestamp":1790847820537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis and multiple oral<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>infections in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS), and the clinical and drug susceptibility profile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty patients with primary SS were enrolled in our study. The diagnosis of oral candidiasis was based on the clinical manifestation, and confirmed by a concentrated rinse culture.<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>spp. assessment was accomplished using standard methods: Sabouraud dextrose agar with 50 mg\/l chloramphenicol and CHROMagar were used for the rapid screening of clinical species, followed by the API 20C system for further species identification.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>antifungal drug susceptibility of<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>isolates was determined by the minimal inhibitory concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, 87% (26\/30) of subjects had oral candidiasis, in which 42% (11\/26) had multiple<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>spp. infection. Although<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>remains the predominant isolate, other rare species such as<jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>were present, alone or in combination. Chronic atrophic candidiasis is the most common clinical type of oral candidiasis in patients with SS. The susceptibilities of the 44<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>isolates to 7 antifungal agents varied dramatically. The resistance to azoles was remarkable, and the phenomenon of cross-resistance between itraconazole and fluconazole was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with primary SS carry a high risk of oral candidiasis and a high frequency of multiple<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>infections. The azole resistance patterns of<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>spp. support the necessity for drug susceptibility testing as a routine procedure for patients with oral<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1313461759000},"page":"2428-2431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multiple Oral<i>Candida<\/i>Infections in Patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome \u2014 Prevalence and Clinical and Drug Susceptibility Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"ZHIMIN","family":"YAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANDREW L.","family":"YOUNG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HONG","family":"HUA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YANYING","family":"XU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.1","first-page":"404","article-title":"Sj\u00c3\u00b6gren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s syndrome: Diagnosis and management of oral complications","volume":"44","author":"Lilly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374960100010501"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.3","first-page":"319","article-title":"Major salivary gland function in primary Sj\u00c3\u00b6gren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s syndrome and its relationship to clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Atkinson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027004231.x"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.5","first-page":"119","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in the oral environment: expression and function in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Dale","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208101202"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90420-6"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.8","first-page":"300","article-title":"Prevalence, density, and manifestations of oral Candida albicans in patients with Sj\u00c3\u00b6gren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Rhodus","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(03)00224-5"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.15.e310","article-title":"Oral status and Candida colonization in patients with Sj\u00c3\u00b6gren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Ergun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1986.tb00646.x"},{"key":"2018112909271113000_38.11.2428.13","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards . 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