{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:36:15Z","timestamp":1791174975202,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a recently discovered cytokine that binds macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by increased osteoclastogenesis. To identify the significance of IL-34 in RA, the IL-34 concentration was measured in serum and synovial fluid (SF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-34 concentrations were measured in serum from patients with RA (n = 113), patients with osteoarthritis (OA; n = 56), and controls (n = 36), and in SF isolated from patients with RA (n = 36) or OA (n = 24). Correlations between serum IL-34 levels and clinical features in RA were assessed. The levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17\u03b1, interferon-\u03b3-induced protein 10, receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand (RANKL), and Dickkopf-1 were also measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with RA had a higher mean serum level of IL-34 than did patients with OA and controls (188.0 \u00b1 550.3, 36.6 \u00b1 38.0, and 49.1 \u00b1 78.5 pg\/ml, respectively). Similarly, SF IL-34 concentration was higher in patients with RA than in those with OA. IL-34 levels were positively associated with IL-6 levels in serum from patients with RA and OA. SF IL-34 concentration correlated significantly with IL-6 and RANKL levels only in RA. The serum level of IL-34 was not correlated with systemic osteoporosis and radiographic joint damage in RA. IL-34 levels in the serum from patients with RA were positively correlated with rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titers (r = 0.282 and 0.491, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating IL-34 levels in RA correlated with autoantibody production. Further investigations of localized and systemic effects of IL-34 are warranted to elucidate RA pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T20:09:50Z","timestamp":1378066190000},"page":"1842-1849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Increased Levels of Interleukin 34 in Serum and Synovial Fluid Are Associated with Rheumatoid Factor and Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody Titers in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Su-Jin","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Sik","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji 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