{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:11:27Z","timestamp":1788829887210,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Apolipoprotein L1 gene (\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) G1 and G2 renal risk alleles (RRA) are associated with endstage renal disease in blacks with lupus nephritis (LN). The present study determined frequencies of\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      RRA in nonwhite Brazilian patients with LN and controls to assess association with renal outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APOL1 RRA were genotyped in 222 healthy blood donors (controls) and 201 cases with LN from 3 outpatient clinics. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the G1 (rs73885319 and rs60910145) and an indel for the G2 (rs71785313) variant were genotyped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The frequency of\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      RRA in nonwhite Brazilian LN cases did not differ significantly from healthy controls, and few participants had 2 RRA. In the sample, 84.6% of LN cases and 84.2% of controls had 0 RRA, 13.4% and 15.3% had 1 RRA, and 2.0% and 0.4% had 2 RRA, respectively. LN cases with \u2265 1\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      RRA had similar baseline characteristics and renal responses to treatment, yet faced higher risk for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) to an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 ml\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      compared to those with 0 RRA (11.2% with 0, 29.6% with 1; 50% with 2 RRA, p = 0.005). Although glomerular lesions and activity scores on initial kidney biopsy did not differ significantly between individuals based on\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype, chronicity scores, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were more severe in those with \u2265 1 RRA (p = 0.011, p = 0.002, p = 0.018, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although initial kidney lesions and treatment responses were similar, a single\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      RRA in nonwhite Brazilians with LN was associated with increased risk of advanced CKD and possibly more tubulointerstitial damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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