{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:07:25Z","timestamp":1784812045230,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the association between infections and the subsequent development of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in a large population-based cohort from a defined geographic area in Sweden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed GCA between 2000 and 2016 were identified through the database of the Department of Pathology in Sk\u00e5ne, the southernmost region of Sweden. For each GCA case, 10 controls matched for age, sex, and area of residence were randomly selected from the general population. Using the Sk\u00e5ne Healthcare Register, we identified all infection events prior to patients\u2019 date of GCA diagnosis and controls\u2019 index date. With infection as exposure, a conditional logistic regression model was employed to estimate the OR for developing GCA. The types of infections contracted nearest in time to the GCA diagnosis\/index date were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1005 patients with biopsy-confirmed GCA (71% female) and 10,050 controls were included in the analysis. Infections were more common among patients subsequently diagnosed with GCA compared to controls (51% vs 41%, OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.53\u20132.07). Acute upper respiratory tract infection (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.47\u20132.14), influenza and pneumonia (OR 1.72, 95 % CI 1.35\u20132.19), and unspecified infections (OR 5.35, 95 % CI 3.46\u20138.28) were associated with GCA. Neither skin nor gastrointestinal infections showed a correlation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections, especially those of the respiratory tract, were associated with subsequent development of biopsy-confirmed GCA. Our findings support the hypothesis that a range of infections may trigger GCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1589560271000},"page":"251-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Infections Are Associated With Increased Risk of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-based Case-control Study from Southern Sweden"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlos","family":"Stamatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Turkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-\u00c5ke","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Turesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aladdin J","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.12.1208"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204652"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22942","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and survival of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in Northern Italy during a 26-year period","volume":"69","author":"Catanoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.4","first-page":"S15","article-title":"The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations","volume":"25","author":"Bas-Lando","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20227"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1479-6"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.7","first-page":"273","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a region of Finland: An epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic study, 1984-1988","volume":"19","author":"Franz\u00e9n","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.8","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Temporal arteritis in Vest Agder County in southern Norway: incidence and clinical findings","volume":"27","author":"Haugeberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2014.982701"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.4.367"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.11","first-page":"830","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in northwestern Turkey: clinical features and epidemiological data","volume":"27","author":"Pamuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11195"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-3-199508010-00006"},{"key":"2022062114101491000_48.2.251.14","first-page":"112","article-title":"Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; 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