{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:43:58Z","timestamp":1789767838963,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neutrophilia is a hallmark of adult-onset Still disease (AOSD). We aimed to investigate the levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), an essential regulator of neutrophil production and function, in the pathogenesis of AOSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera were collected from 70 patients with AOSD and 20 healthy controls (HCs). The levels of G-CSF were determined by ELISA. Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) were quantified by flow cytometry. Correlations between G-CSF levels and disease activity, laboratory variables, and LDG levels in patients with AOSD were analyzed by Spearman correlation test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with active AOSD presented significantly higher levels of G-CSF compared to inactive AOSD patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and HCs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The G-CSF levels were significantly decreased after active AOSD patients achieved disease remission (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0015). The G-CSF levels were significantly correlated with C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin, and systemic score in AOSD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). Significant correlations between the levels of G-CSF and circulating neutrophils (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), percentages of LDGs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), as well as absolute numbers of circulating LDGs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.018) were identified. Patients with fever, evanescent rash, sore throat, arthralgia, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, or hepatomegaly\/elevated liver enzymes displayed significantly higher levels of G-CSF compared to patients without these manifestations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that G-CSF is implicated in the pathogenesis of AOSD, and targeting G-CSF may have therapeutic potential for AOSD. In addition, introducing circulating G-CSF levels into the clinical assessment system may help to monitor disease activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T16:20:52Z","timestamp":1600186852000},"page":"664-668","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Elevated Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Levels in Patients With Active Phase of Adult-onset Still 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