{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:18:29Z","timestamp":1777623509933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"The Journal of Rheumatology","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rheumatol"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine demographic and geographic diversity in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) drug trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a descriptive epidemiological study using\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      data. We included completed phase II-IV drug trials in adults with axSpA, conducted between 2000 and 2023, with results posted on\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . We extracted and analyzed data on sex, race, ethnicity, trial characteristics, and trial locations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-nine trials with 16,162 participants were analyzed. Female individuals constituted 30% of participants overall: 25% in radiographic axSpA (r-axSpA) trials, 34% in axSpA trials, and 48% in nonradiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA) trials. Thirty-one trials (53%) reported race, and 12 (20%) reported both race and ethnicity. Race reporting increased from 9% of trials (2000-2010) to 53% (2011-2015) and 100% (2016-2020). Among 10,037 participants with race data, 82% were White, 15% Asian, 2% American Indian\/Alaska Native, 1% Black, and 0.02% Native Hawaiian\/Pacific Islander. Asian representation increased from 4% (2011-2015) to 19% (2016-2020) and American Indian\/Alaska Native from 1% to 3%, whereas Black representation remained consistently low at 1%. Among 3577 patients with ethnicity data, 14% of participants were Hispanic\/Latino, increasing from 1% (2011-2015) to 14% (2016-2020). Fifty-one trials with location data enrolled participants from 53 countries. Sub-Saharan Africa (0%) and South\/Central Asia (2%) had the lowest geographic representation of enrollment sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of women enrolled in axSpA drug trials largely reflects disease demographics. Race and ethnicity reporting has improved over time. Whereas participation of Asian, American Indian\/Alaska Native and Hispanic\/Latino patients has increased, Black and Native Hawaiian\/Pacific Islander representation has remained low. Future efforts should prioritize inclusivity and participation in underrepresented regions globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2024-1013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T08:25:17Z","timestamp":1742027117000},"page":"1245-1253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diversity in Axial Spondyloarthritis Drug Trials: Enrollment by Sex, Race, Ethnicity, and Geographic Region"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8748-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Choufani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissam","family":"Ghusn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"Dubreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joerg","family":"Ermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120106151099000_52.12.1245.1","unstructured":"Moll JM , Wright V. 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