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The aims of this study were to determine whether RA-associated autoantibodies are more often found in females than males and to identify factors that influence the relationship between sex and seropositivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Databases were searched and studies of RA (N \u2265 100) were included if they reported proportion of seropositive patients with RA by sex. Metaanalyses and metaregression were conducted using the random-effects model. Covariates regressed were smoking, age, BMI, Health Assessment Questionnaire\u2013Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-four studies with a total of 141,381 subjects with rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity and 95,749 subjects with anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) seropositivity met inclusion criteria. The mean age of participants ranged from 37 to 68 years and the proportion of female subjects ranged from 9% to 92%. Results indicated that females were less likely than males to be seropositive: odds ratio (OR) 0.84 [95% CI 0.77\u20130.91] for RF and OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.81\u20130.95] for ACPA. BMI, smoking, mean age, DAS28, and HAQ-DI did not affect the relationship between sex and seropositivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although studies report that females have higher RA disease activity than males and that seropositivity predicts worse outcomes, females were less likely to be seropositive than males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.211020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T12:24:54Z","timestamp":1647347094000},"page":"663-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Presence of Autoantibodies in Males and Females With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis"],"prefix":"10.3899","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brook","family":"Hadwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2262","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.10.005","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"van der Woude","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195550","article-title":"Clinical management of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60305-x","article-title":"A predominant involvement of the triple seropositive patients and others with rheumatoid factor in the association of smoking with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Regueiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.5","first-page":"R7","article-title":"Women, men, and rheumatoid arthritis: analyses of disease activity, disease characteristics, and treatments in the QUEST-RA study","volume":"11","author":"Sokka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200379"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204573"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121438"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.014233"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016808"},{"key":"2022070105203840000_49.7.663.11","unstructured":"PROSPERO . 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