{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:04:39Z","timestamp":1790654679773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Korean Association of Internal Medicine","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kjim.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at high risk for developing pressure injuries, which can cause severe complications and even increase the mortality risk. Therefore, prevention of pressure injuries is most important. In this study, we investigated the risk factors of pressure injury development in patients admitted to the ICU.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients ages &gt; 18 years admitted to the medical ICU in a tertiary hospital between January and December 2019. We collected patient baseline characteristics, medications received, mechanical ventilation or hemodialysis use, laboratory findings, and date of pressure injury onset and characteristics.Results: We analyzed 666 patients who did not have pressure injuries at ICU admission. Pressure injuries developed in 102 patients (15%). The risk of pressure injury development increased as the administration days for neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs; odds ratio [OR], 1.138; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.019) and opioids (OR, 1.084; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.028) increased, and if the patient had problem with friction and shear (OR, 2.203; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt; = 0.011).Conclusions: The prolonged use of NMBAs and opioids can increase the risk of pressure injury development. Because these medications are associated with immobilization, using both should be minimized and patient early mobilization should be promoted. Among the Braden subscales, \u201cfriction and shear\u201d was associated with the development of pressure injuries in ICU patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2021.546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T04:04:26Z","timestamp":1663733066000},"page":"1186-1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3904\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neuromuscular blocking agents and opioids are major risk factors for developing pressure injuries in patients in the intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.3904","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Su Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Kyu","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Bum","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Man","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-0461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin Won","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2270","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.12.001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2021.103117"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2018.11.008"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study","author":"Labeau","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/won.0000000000000142"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13712"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12137"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2013985"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"613","volume-title":"Predictive power of the Braden scale for pressure sore risk in adult critical care patients: a comprehensive review","author":"Cox","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481x.2011.00852.x"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102924"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102926"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102960"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2013991"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.05.095"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medine.2018.01.007"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12500"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"61","volume-title":"The Braden scale for predicting pressure sore risk: reflections after 25 years","author":"Braden","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2015.05.001"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201603-154oc"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.103009"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507x.20170007"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2009.09.002"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06297-8"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejme1007136"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00455-2"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000257072.10313.56"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.974"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707301203"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-5885(18)30343-5"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"e825","volume-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","author":"Devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198707000-00002"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12376"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2021.103033"}],"container-title":["The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/kjim.org\/upload\/kjim-2021-546.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/kjim.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3904\/kjim.2021.546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/kjim.org\/upload\/kjim-2021-546.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T01:29:00Z","timestamp":1667957340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/kjim.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3904\/kjim.2021.546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3904\/kjim.2021.546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1226-3303","2005-6648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1226-3303","type":"print"},{"value":"2005-6648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}