{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T22:49:19Z","timestamp":1770418159018,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"CAIRN","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a conduit \u00e0 ce que des mesures sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent soient prises pour lutter contre la propagation du SARS-CoV-2. De par ses multiples impacts sociaux, \u00e9ducatifs, \u00e9conomiques et sanitaires, la fermeture quasi g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e des \u00e9coles au niveau mondial, pendant le premier confinement, est sans doute l\u2019une des mesures les plus marquantes dans la gestion de cette pand\u00e9mie. Un an apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, plus de 800 millions d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ves, soit plus de la moiti\u00e9 des effectifs dans le monde, sont toujours confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des perturbations importantes de leur cursus qui vont de la fermeture totale des \u00e9tablissements \u00e0 des horaires r\u00e9duits ou \u00e0 temps partiel. En s\u2019appuyant \u00e0 la fois sur les donn\u00e9es scientifiques disponibles, l\u2019analyse des diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9ponses propos\u00e9es selon les pays et les donn\u00e9es issues de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience des professionnels du terrain \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, cet article analyse les principaux enjeux de la fermeture et de la r\u00e9ouverture des \u00e9coles, de la prise de d\u00e9cision \u00e0 sa mise en \u0153uvre concr\u00e8te sur le terrain. Cette d\u00e9marche nous permet de tirer les premiers enseignements de la crise et d\u2019appeler \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence et au partage, bien au-del\u00e0 du milieu scolaire, d\u2019une approche \u00e9ducative de la sant\u00e9. Sur cette base, c\u2019est l\u2019articulation de la production de cadres de r\u00e9flexion nationaux pertinents et de la mise en capacit\u00e9 d\u2019agir des acteurs locaux qui permettra de prot\u00e9ger les \u00e9l\u00e8ves, de pr\u00e9venir le d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et de maintenir un processus \u00e9ducatif de qualit\u00e9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3917\/spub.216.0813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T13:49:39Z","timestamp":1648475379000},"page":"813-822","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u00c9coles et pand\u00e9mie\u00a0: qu\u2019avons-nous appris de la crise sanitaire\u00a0?"],"prefix":"10.3917","volume":"Vol. 33","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Jourdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Ivassenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2273","reference":[{"key":"rb1","unstructured":"1 https:\/\/fr.unesco.org\/news\/deux-tiers-dune-annee-academique-perdus-monde-cause-fermetures-dues-au-covid-19-lunesco UNESCO. Les deux tiers d\u2019une ann\u00e9e acad\u00e9mique perdus dans le monde \u00e0 cause des fermetures dues au Covid-19. 2021. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb2","unstructured":"2 https:\/\/www.education.gouv.fr\/reperes-et-references-statistiques-2020-1316 Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation Nationale de la Jeunesse et des Sports. Rep\u00e8res et r\u00e9f\u00e9rences statistiques 2020. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb3","unstructured":"3 et al. Viner RM, Bonell C, Drake L, Jourdan D, Davies N, Baltag V, Reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: governments must balance the uncertainty and risks of reopening schools against the clear harms associated with prolonged closure. Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"rb4","unstructured":"4 http:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/medicine\/departments\/school-public-health\/infectious-disease-epidemiology\/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis\/covid-19\/report-9-impact-of-npis-on-covid-19\/ Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand ."},{"key":"rb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5 et al. Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 1\u00a0mai 2020;4(5):397-404.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30095-X"},{"key":"rb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202-e204","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002783","article-title":"The Role of Children in the Dynamics of Intra Family Coronavirus 2019 Spread in Densely Populated Area","volume":"39","author":"Somekh Eli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0891-3668","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb7","unstructured":"7 et\u00a0al. Zhu Y, Bloxham CJ, Hulme KD, Sinclair JE, Tong ZWM, Steele LE, A meta-analysis on the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 in household transmission clusters. medRxiv. 4 d\u00e9c 2020;2020.03.26.20044826."},{"key":"rb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 et\u00a0al. Szablewski CM, Chang KT, Brown MM, Chu VT, Yousaf AR, Anyalechi\u00a0N, SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp - Georgia, June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.\u00a07\u00a0ao\u00fbt 2020;69(31):1023-5.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6931e1"},{"key":"rb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9 et\u00a0al. Stein-Zamir C, Abramson N, Shoob H, Libal E, Bitan M, Cardash T, A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10\u00a0days after schools\u2019 reopening, Israel, May 2020. Eurosurveillance. 23\u00a0juill 2020;25(29):2001352.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.29.2001352"},{"key":"rb10","unstructured":"10 Russell F. An analysis of COVID-19 in ECEC and schools and evidence-based recommendations for opening ECEC and schools &amp; keeping them open. Victorian state; 2020."},{"key":"rb11","unstructured":"11 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/more\/science-and-research\/transmission_k_12_schools.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12 et\u00a0al. Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, Wachtel C, Tegnell A, Saour G, Duncan\u00a0B, Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. ao\u00fbt 2009;9(8):473-81.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70176-8"},{"key":"rb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30109-7","article-title":"Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Lee Joyce","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2352-4642","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Sadique MZ, Adams EJ, Edmunds WJ. Estimating the costs of school closure for mitigating an influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health. 24\u00a0avr 2008;8(1):135.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-135"},{"key":"rb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e271-e278","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30082-7","article-title":"Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Bayham Jude","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2468-2667","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb16","unstructured":"16 http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/hdp-covid COVID-19 and Human Development: Assessing the Crisis, Envisioning the Recovery | Human Development Reports ."},{"key":"rb17","unstructured":"17 https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000374158_fre UNESCO. Le d\u00e9fi du suivi de la qualit\u00e9 dans un enseignement \u00e0\u00a0distance - ."},{"key":"rb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18 Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore S-J. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. ao\u00fbt 2020;4(8):634-40.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30186-3"},{"key":"rb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S82-S87","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2020-055","article-title":"Pandemic School Closures May Increase Inequality in Test Scores","volume":"46","author":"Haeck Catherine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Public Policy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0317-0861","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"null","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.02.21249146","article-title":"Do school closures and school reopenings affect community transmission of COVID-19? A systematic review of observational studies","author":"Walsh Sebastian","year":"2021","journal-title":""},{"key":"rb21","unstructured":"21 https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/452451551361923106\/The-Economic-Lives-of-Young-Women-in-the-Time-of-Ebola-Lessons-from-an-Empowerment-Program World Bank. The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program 2021. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb22","unstructured":"22 https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/news\/millions-more-cases-violence-child-marriage-female-genital-mutilation-unintended-pregnancies UNFPA. Millions more cases of violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation, unintended pregnancy expected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021. Disponible sur: ."},{"key":"rb23","unstructured":"23 Jourdan D. La sant\u00e9 publique au service du bien commun\u00a0? Politiques et pratiques de pr\u00e9vention \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du discernement \u00e9thique. Paris\u00a0: Sant\u00e9\u00a0; 2012. 359 p. (Balises)."},{"key":"rb24","unstructured":"24 Jourdan D. \u00c9coles et crises sanitaires\u00a0: prot\u00e9ger, pr\u00e9venir, \u00e9duquer. GHE Editions\u00a0: Paris\u00a0; 2021."},{"key":"rb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295-303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30316-3","article-title":"Supporting every school to become a foundation for healthy lives","volume":"5","author":"Jourdan Didier","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2352-4642","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77-96","DOI":"10.4000\/rechercheformation.3510","article-title":"Lutter contre les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s\u00a0: outiller pour former les enseignants","author":"C\u00e8be Sylvie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recherche & formation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0988-1824","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47-69","DOI":"10.4000\/educationdidactique.232","article-title":"Un mod\u00e8le d\u2019analyse de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des enseignants","author":"Goigoux Roland","year":"2007","journal-title":"\u00c9ducation et didactique","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1956-3485","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb28","unstructured":"28 https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/news-room\/detail\/13-08-2020-2-in-5-schools-around-the-world-lacked-basic-handwashing-facilities-prior-to-covid-19-pandemic-unicef-who OMS. Deux \u00e9coles sur 5 dans le monde ne disposaient pas d\u2019installations de base pour le lavage des mains avant la pand\u00e9mie de\u00a0COVID-19. 2020. ."},{"key":"rb30","unstructured":"30 https:\/\/districtadministration.com\/covid-sel-social-emotional-learning-clayton-county-public-schools-reopening\/ Zalasnic M. COVID-era SEL means preparing students for the unknown. 2020. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb31","unstructured":"31 IUHPE. Promoting Health in School: From evidence to action. 2010."},{"key":"rb32","unstructured":"32 http:\/\/ses.ens-lyon.fr\/articles\/sociologie-du-risque-et-crises-sanitaires-un-eclairage-sur-la-pandemie-du-coronavirus Peretti-Watel P. Sociologie du risque et crises sanitaires\u00a0: un \u00e9clairage sur la pand\u00e9mie du coronavirus \u2014 Sciences \u00e9conomiques et sociales. 2021. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JCS-06-2020-0019 Gray NJ, Jourdan D, McDonagh JE. Returning to school: children and young people living with chronic illness. J Child Serv. 2020;15(4). .","DOI":"10.1108\/JCS-06-2020-0019"},{"key":"rb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"null","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.21.20178574","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in educational settings: cross-sectional analysis of clusters and outbreaks in England","author":"Ismail Sharif A","year":"2020","journal-title":""},{"key":"rb35","unstructured":"35 http:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/2018\/10-threats-global-heath\/fr\/ OMS | 10\u00a0menaces sur la sant\u00e9 mondiale en 2018 [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; 2020 ."},{"key":"rb36","unstructured":"36 http:\/\/theconversation.com\/reouverture-des-ecoles-sur-quels-savoirs-sappuyer-136759 Jourdan D. R\u00e9ouverture des \u00e9coles\u00a0: sur quels savoirs s\u2019appuyer\u00a0? The Conversation. 2020. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb37","unstructured":"37 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240011069 WHO, Global Standards for Health Promoting Schools (2020) ."},{"key":"rb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11-17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256138","article-title":"Health-promoting schools","volume":"7","author":"Lee Albert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Health Economics and Health Policy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1175-5652","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"rb40","unstructured":"40 https:\/\/eduscol.education.fr\/2231\/le-parcours-educatif-de-sante Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019enseignement scolaire. Le parcours \u00e9ducatif de sant\u00e9 [Internet]. 2016. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb41","unstructured":"41 https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/communication-toolkit-gastrointestinal-diseases-how-support-infection ECDC. Communication toolkit on gastrointestinal diseases: How to support infection prevention in schools [Internet]. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2013. Disponible sur\u00a0: ."},{"key":"rb39","unstructured":"39 In: Jourdan D. Les parcours \u00e9ducatifs. Dictionnaire critique des \u201c\u00e9ducations \u00e0\u201d. L\u2019Harmattan; 2017."}],"container-title":["Sant\u00e9 Publique"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T13:54:58Z","timestamp":1697032498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-sante-publique-2021-6-page-813.htm?ref=doi"}},"subtitle":[""],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/spub.216.0813","relation":{},"ISSN":["0995-3914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0995-3914","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]}}}