{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:59:14Z","timestamp":1777525154276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural feed additives are used to maintain health and to promote performance of pigs without antibiotics. Effects of a probiotic, inulin, and their combination (synbiotic), on the microbial diversity and composition at different intestinal locations were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), real-time PCR, and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Bacterial diversity assessed by DGGE and\/or pyrosequencing was increased by inulin in all three gut locations and by the synbiotic in the caecum and colon. In contrast, the probiotic did only affect the microbiota diversity in the ileum. Shifts in the DGGE microbiota profiles of the caecum and colon were detected for the pro- and synbiotic fed animals, whereas inulin profiles were more similar to the ones of the control. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed that all three additives could reduce <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> species in each gut location, indicating a potential beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. An increase of relative abundance of <jats:italic>Clostridiaceae<\/jats:italic> in the large intestine was found in the inulin group and of <jats:italic>Enterococcaceae<\/jats:italic> in the ileum of probiotic fed pigs. Furthermore, real-time PCR results showed that the probiotic and synbiotic increased bifidobacterial numbers in the ileum, which was supported by sequencing results. The probiotic and inulin, to different extents, changed the diversity, relative abundance of phylotypes, and community profiles of the porcine microbiota. However, alterations of the bacterial community were not uniformly between gut locations, demonstrating that functionality of feed additives is site specific. Therefore, gut sampling from various locations is crucial when investigations aim to identify the composition of a healthy gut microbiota after its manipulation through feed additives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2014.0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,8]],"date-time":"2014-11-08T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1415413438000},"page":"473-484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of a probiotic, inulin, or their combination on the piglets\u2019 microbiota at different intestinal locations"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"V.A.","family":"Sattler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Natural Resources and Applied Life 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