{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:47:09Z","timestamp":1792180029162,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Probiotics, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), are widely focused on gastrointestinal applications. However, recent microbiome studies indicate that LAB can be endogenous members of other human body sites such as the upper respiratory tract (URT). Interestingly, DNA-based microbiome research suggests an inverse correlation between the presence of LAB and the occurrence of potential pathogens, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an important URT pathogen linked to otitis media, sinusitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, a direct interaction between these microbes has not been explored in detail. This study investigated the direct antipathogenic effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including several well-documented probiotic strains, on\n                    <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using agar-based assays, time course analysis, biofilm assays and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. These assays were performed using spent culture supernatans (SCS) at two pHs (4.3 and 7) and D- and\/or L-lactic acid at three pHs (2, 4 and 7). In addition, cell line assays for adhesion competition and immunomodulation were used to substantiate the inhibitory effect of lactobacilli against\n                    <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A proportion of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, including the model probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    GG, showed a strong and direct activity against\n                    <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Screening of the activity of the SCS after different treatments demonstrated that lactic acid has an important antimicrobial activity against this pathogen \u2013 at least\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013 with mean MIC values for D- and L-lactic acid varying between 0.5 and 27 g\/l depending on the pH. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    GG also decreased the adhesion of\n                    <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells with more than 50%, and the expression of mucin MUC5AC, pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1\u03b2, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 at least 1.2 fold. This study suggests that several lactobacilli and their key metabolite lactic acid are possible candidates for probiotic therapeutic interventions against URT infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2017.0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T05:45:24Z","timestamp":1523339124000},"page":"429-440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Multifactorial inhibition of lactobacilli against the respiratory tract pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"M.F.L.","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"De Boeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.J.J.","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0760, La Jolla, CA 92093-0760, USA."},{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0687, La Jolla, CA 92093-0760, 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