{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:08:57Z","timestamp":1773248937692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Science Alert","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["scialert.net"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pakistan J. of Biological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,15]]},"DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2008.1702.1707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T10:35:18Z","timestamp":1237286118000},"page":"1702-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin A Status of Pregnant Women in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3923","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ima","family":"O. William","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Okon","family":"U. Eka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essien","family":"U. Essien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2297","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"613","article-title":"Biochemical assessment of nutritional status in pre- and post-natal Turkish women and outcome of pregnancy.","volume":"49","author":"Ackurt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-3007","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of xerophthalmia in Nigeria.","volume":"4","author":"Ajaiyeoba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nig. J. Opthalmol."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"149","article-title":"Dietary intakes of pregnant women in Sydney, New South Wales.","volume":"52","author":"Ash","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80290-8"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.2.358","article-title":"Safety of vitamin A.","volume":"49","author":"Bendich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3182(12)81111-3","article-title":"Food and nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women in the United States.","volume":"25","author":"Borrud","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3182","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000241562"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"556","article-title":"Plasma vitamins A and E and red blood cell fatty acid profile in newborns and their mothers.","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-3007","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26140.x"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"101","article-title":"The physiologic chemistry of carotenes in man.","volume":"7","author":"Erdman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0261-5614","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: A causal factor in childhood corneal disease and blindness in Eastern Nigeria.","volume":"2","author":"Ezepue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nig. J. Ophthal."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.3.495","article-title":"Conjunctival impression cytology to detect subclinical vitamin A deficiency: Comparison of CIC with biochemical assessments.","volume":"49","author":"Gadomski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"565","article-title":"Variations in the pattern of maternal serum vitamin A and carotenoids during human reproduction.","volume":"42","author":"Gal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-9831","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/004947557200200410","article-title":"Nutrition in pregnancy.","volume":"2","author":"Gopalan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trop. Doct.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0049-4755","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Investigation of vitamin nutrition in pregnant British Asians and their infants.","volume":"40","author":"Howells","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0263-8290","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"30","article-title":"Anaemia and hypovitaminosis a among rural women in East Java, Indonesia.","volume":"32","author":"Kusin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0041-3232","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.6.1131","article-title":"Decreased hepatic vitamin A after drug administration in men and in rats.","volume":"40","author":"Leo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1947.02020370007002","article-title":"Supplements of vitamin A and of carotene during pregnancy.","volume":"73","author":"Lewis","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-922X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2255","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency is prevalent in children less than 5 years of age in Nigeria.","volume":"136","author":"Maziya-Dixon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3166","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(69)90573-0","article-title":"Pregnancy in the adolescent.","volume":"103","author":"McGanity","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9378","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659401500201","article-title":"Vitamin A and breast-feeding: A comparison of data from developed anddeveloping countries.","volume":"15","author":"Newman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0379-5721","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"National Micronutrient Survey","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"The socio-economic aspects of the origin of Old Calabar 1800-1885.","author":"Offiong","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.3.564","article-title":"Vitamin A status during the third trimester of pregnancy in Spanish women: Influence on concentrations of vitamin A in breast milk.","volume":"66","author":"Ortega","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"130","article-title":"Dietary assessment of a pregnant Spanish women group.","volume":"64","author":"Ortega","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-9831","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900037"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199010043231401","article-title":"Reduced mortality among children in Southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A.","volume":"323","author":"Rahmathullah","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.4.814","article-title":"Conjunctival impression cytology for assessment of vitamin A status.","volume":"50","author":"Reddy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80017-X"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93056-2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106741"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197604082941503","article-title":"Vitamin A transport in human vitamin A toxicity.","volume":"294","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-4793","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of vitamin A deficiency enhances child health and survival.","volume":"2","author":"Sommer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutriview"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.6.988","article-title":"Cross-sectional study on the iron and vitamin A status of pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia.","volume":"56","author":"Suharno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"589","article-title":"Study of serum protein and retinol levels in pregnancy and toxaemia of pregnancy in women of low socio economic status.","volume":"61","author":"Sunalini-Basu","year":"1973","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0971-5916","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.2.377","article-title":"Concurrent liquid-chromatographic assay of retinol, a-tocopherol, b-carotene, a-carotene, lycopene and b-cryptoxanthin in plasma, with tocopherol acetate as internal standard.","volume":"34","author":"Thurnham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Chem.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-9147","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93366-H"},{"issue":"009","key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research and Development of Identified vitamin A-rich food products.","volume":"96","year":"1996","journal-title":"Call for Proposals"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.517S","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A status and its importance in infancy and early childhood.","volume":"59","author":"Underwood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-9165","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Vitamin A intake and status.","volume":"50","author":"Van den Berg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0954-3007","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(95)02375-5"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"263","article-title":"Studies on vitamin A nutritional status of mothers and infants in poor communities of India.","volume":"61","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0142-6338","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Vitamin A supplements: A guide to their use in the treatment and prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xeropthalmia. WHO\/UNICEF\/ IVACG Task Force","year":"1997","edition":"2nd Edn."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050140091027","article-title":"Detection of early xerophthalmia by impression cytology.","volume":"104","author":"Wittpenn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0003-9950","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Enriching lives: Overcoming vitamin and mineral malnutrition in developing countries.","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.scialert.net\/fulltext\/?doi=pjbs.2008.1702.1707&org=11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T05:48:49Z","timestamp":1607579329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.scialert.net\/abstract\/?doi=pjbs.2008.1702.1707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/pjbs.2008.1702.1707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1028-8880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1028-8880","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,15]]}}}