{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:22:05Z","timestamp":1760865725116},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthopedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Limiting patients\u2019 exposure to ionizing radiation during diagnostic imaging is of concern to patients and clinicians. Large single-dose exposures and cumulative exposures to ionizing radiation have been associated with solid tumors and hematologic malignancy. Although these associations have been a driving force in minimizing patients\u2019 exposure, significant risks are found when diagnoses are missed and subsequent treatment is withheld. Therefore, based on epidemiologic data obtained after nuclear and occupational exposures, dose exposure limits have been estimated. A recent collaborative effort between the US Food and Drug Administration and the American College of Radiology has provided information and tools that patients and imaging professionals can use to avoid unnecessary ionizing radiation scans and ensure use of the lowest feasible radiation dose necessary for studies. Further collaboration, research, and development should focus on producing technological advances that minimize individual study exposures and duplicate studies. This article outlines the research used to govern safe radiation doses, defines recent initiatives in decreasing radiation exposure, and provides orthopedic surgeons with techniques that may help decrease radiation exposure in their daily practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,15]],"date-time":"2012-05-15T13:26:34Z","timestamp":1337088394000},"page":"415-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnostic Medical Imaging Radiation Exposure and Risk of Development of Solid and Hematologic Malignancy"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Fabricant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marschall B.","family":"Berkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Bogner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.6.7484601"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Cancer research 1964: thoughts on the contributions of radiation biology","volume":"24","author":"Upton AC","year":"1964","unstructured":"Upton AC. Cancer research 1964: thoughts on the contributions of radiation biology. Cancer Res. 1964; 24(11):1861\u20131868.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.440"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2481071451"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr262"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","article-title":"With rise in radiation exposure, experts urge caution on tests","author":"Rabin RC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rabin RC. With rise in radiation exposure, experts urge caution on tests. The New York Times. June 19, 2007; Health.","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","article-title":"Study: Unnecessary CT scans exposing patients to excessive radiation","author":"Sternberg S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sternberg S. Study: Unnecessary CT scans exposing patients to excessive radiation. USA Today. November 29, 2007; Health & Behavior.","journal-title":"USA Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","volume-title":"Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2","author":"National Research Council","year":"2006","unstructured":"National Research Council. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01328"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00256"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1801.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.054684"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235592100"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0276"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0763.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901249"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"American College of Radiology and The Radiological Society of North America. Patient Safety: Radiation Exposure in X-ray and CT Examinations. RadiologyInfo Web site. http:\/\/www.radiologyinfo.org\/en\/safety\/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray. Updated 2011. Accessed November 15 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"American College of Radiology and The Radiological Society of North America. Naturally-occurring \u201cbackground\u201d radiation exposure. RadiologyInfo Web site. http:\/\/www.radiologyinfo.org\/en\/safety\/index.cfm?pg=sfty_xray. Updated 2011. Accessed November 15 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182092ff8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10101335"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e31823d0e5f"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2133-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2015-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2146-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","article-title":"Reduction in average fluoroscopic exposure times for interventional spinal procedures through the use of pulsed and low-dose image settings [published online ahead of print September 26, 2011]","author":"Goodman BS","unstructured":"Goodman BS, Carnel CT, Mallempati S, Agarwal P. Reduction in average fluoroscopic exposure times for interventional spinal procedures through the use of pulsed and low-dose image settings [published online ahead of print September 26, 2011]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. In press.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00407"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199708000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200501000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0710-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020050215"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000229250.69369.ac"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2011\/069","article-title":"Reduction of radiation exposure by the use of fluoroscopic guidance in transpedicular instrumentation [in Czech]","volume":"78","author":"Hart R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hart R, Komz\u00e1k M, B\u00e1rta R, Ok\u00e1l F, Sr\u016ftkov\u00e1 E. Reduction of radiation exposure by the use of fluoroscopic guidance in transpedicular instrumentation [in Czech]. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2011; 78(5):447\u2013450.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1260-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","article-title":"Recovery room radiographs after total hip arthroplasty tradition vs utility [published online ahead of print February 2, 2012]?","author":"Ndu A","unstructured":"Ndu A, Jegede KA, Bohl DD, et al. Recovery room radiographs after total hip arthroplasty tradition vs utility [published online ahead of print February 2, 2012]? J Arthroplasty. In press.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"}],"container-title":["Orthopedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.slackinc.com\/doi\/resolver.asp?doi=10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T19:20:20Z","timestamp":1687461620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.healio.com\/doi\/10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20120426-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-7447","1938-2367"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-7447","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2367","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}