{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:23:02Z","timestamp":1778574182837,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review systemic associations of childhood glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients younger than 15 years and diagnosed as having glaucoma were divided into four groups: isolated primary congenital glaucoma, glaucoma with other congenital ocular anomalies, congenital glaucoma with known systemic diseases, and secondary glaucoma. Prevalence and type of systemic associations in each group were studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of 371 patients diagnosed as having glaucoma was done. In the primary congenital glaucoma group, 13 of 218 (5.9%) patients had an associated systemic illness: congenital heart disease and global developmental delay were the most common systemic manifestations. In the congenital ocular anomalies group, 10 of 63 (15.8%) patients had an associated systemic illness. Axenfeld-Reiger syndrome, aniridia, and Peters' anomaly frequently had systemic comorbidities with congenital heart disease. In the known systemic diseases group, all 18 (100%) patients had systemic manifestations of an associated syndrome: Sturge-Weber and Down syndrome were the most frequent. In the secondary glaucoma group, 9 of 72 (12.5%) patients had systemic involvement, which was often seen as the most common cause after congenital cataract surgery. These children had congenital heart disease and global developmental delay as a consequence of congenital rubella and congenital cytomegalovirus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found that 12.9% of patients with childhood glaucoma had an associated systemic abnormality. Patients with congenital glaucoma and other ocular anomalies have a three times higher risk of an underlying systemic anomaly than patients with isolated primary congenital glaucoma. A team comprising an ophthalmologist, pediatrician, and anesthesiologist is recommended to treat these cases.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        [\n                        <jats:italic>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus<\/jats:italic>\n                        . 2018;55(6):397\u2013402.]\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20180905-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T13:50:39Z","timestamp":1542635439000},"page":"397-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Systemic Associations of Childhood Glaucoma: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Neha","family":"Midha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talvir","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renu","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilip R.","family":"Shende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanuj","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viney","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramanjit","family":"Sihota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02954372"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetics of primary congenital glaucoma in Slovakia: description of a form of primary congenital glaucoma in gypsies with autosomal-recessive inheritance and complete penetrance","volume":"16","author":"Gen\u00edk A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gen\u00edk A. 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