{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:12:57Z","timestamp":1793902377369,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"S2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Refract Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate a correlation between cigarette smoking and keratoconus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients with keratoconus who were treated with corneal collagen cross-linking from June 2006 to November 2007 were asked about their smoking habits. A person smoking a minimum of two cigarettes per day for more than 1 year was classified as a smoker.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              A total of 180 patients with keratoconus (mean age 28\u00b19 years [range: 15 to 41 years]) were asked about their smoking habits. One hundred seventy-one (95%) were non-smokers and only 9 (5%) were smokers (95% confidence interval, 2.31 to 9.28). Using the chi-square test, a significant correlation was found between non-smokers and keratoconus (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;.001).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In this group of patients with keratoconus, few were smokers. Cigarette smoke contains toxic substances. Consequently, people are advised not to smoke. However, we speculate that the by-products of cigarette smoke may lead to cross-linking of collagen, which in the cornea, may prevent the development and progression of keratoconus. [\n              <jats:italic>J Refract Surg<\/jats:italic>\n              . 2008;24: S737\u2013S740.]\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597x-20080901-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T20:11:46Z","timestamp":1555013506000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Cigarette Smoking is Negatively Associated With Keratoconus"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Spoerl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Raiskup-Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Kuhlisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz E.","family":"Pillunat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19991101-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004179900111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000047464.66901.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"S121","article-title":"Smoking behavior in Germany [German]","volume":"61","author":"Junge B","year":"1999","unstructured":"Junge B, Nagel M. 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