{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:26:05Z","timestamp":1777425965378,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Refract Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the changes in functional visual acuity (FVA) in eyes with experimentally induced astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 26 right eyes from 26 healthy participants (mean age: 27.0\u00b14.4 years). After confirming best correction under cycloplegia, the cylinder power \u00d790\u00b0 and \u00d7180\u00b0 (against-the-rule [ATR] and with-the-rule [WTR] astigmatism, respectively) were added with 0.50-diopter (D) steps, from 0.50 to 2.50 D. Conventional visual acuity (VA), FVA as measured by the FVA Measurement System (NIDEK Co Ltd), and 10% low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) were measured with 3-mm artificial pupil under each condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean corrected logMAR VA, FVA, LCVA were \u22120.18\u00b10.00 (20\/13), \u22120.10\u00b10.08 (20\/16), and 0.06\u00b10.06 (20\/23), respectively. The VA, FVA, and LCVA had a significant linear negative correlation with the addition of cylinder irrespective of the axes. A significant decrease in FVA was noted on addition of \u2a7e0.50 D WTR astigmatism and \u2a7e1.00 D ATR astigmatism. With the addition of 1.00 D of cylindrical lens, 96% of eyes with WTR and ATR astigmatism could maintain 20\/20 in VA testing, whereas only 50% and 62% of eyes with WTR and ATR astigmatism, respectively, could maintain 20\/20 in FVA testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astigmatism may be associated with deterioration of visual function even when conventional VA of 20\/20 is attained. Functional VA testing seems to be useful in evaluating the masked astigmatic visual impairment that cannot be detected by conventional VA testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597x-20121211-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,11]],"date-time":"2013-01-11T10:35:07Z","timestamp":1357900507000},"page":"19-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effect of Experimentally Induced Astigmatism on Functional, Conventional, and Low-Contrast Visual Acuity"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidemasa","family":"Torii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minako","family":"Kaido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Clinical Visual Optics","author":"Bennett AG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bennett AG, Rabbetts RR. 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