{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:06:42Z","timestamp":1794330402216,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Refract Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To evaluate age-related changes in anterior, posterior, and total corneal astigmatism by comparing simulated keratometric astigmatism to total corneal astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Corneal topography of the anterior and posterior surfaces was evaluated using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography in 419 patients with normal eyes (218 men and 201 women) with ages ranging from 8 to 93 years (mean \u00b1 standard deviation: 49.5 \u00b1 23.1 years). Keratometric astigmatism was calculated using the keratometric index (1.3375) and radius of the anterior corneal curvature; anterior and posterior corneal curvature measurements were used to calculate total corneal astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The keratometric and total astigmatism were 1.08 \u00b1 0.71 diopters (D) and 1.03 \u00b1 0.69 D, respectively. Vector analysis revealed a mean difference between keratometric and total astigmatism of 0.24 \u00b1 0.09 D, which showed a significant correlation to age (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; .0001). In eyes with with-the-rule astigmatism, keratometric astigmatism overestimated total astigmatism. In eyes with against-the-rule astigmatism, keratometric astigmatism underestimated total astigmatism.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The anterior corneal surface shifts from with-the-rule to against-the-rule astigmatism with aging, whereas the posterior corneal surface remains as against-the-rule astigmatism in most cases. The variation in the anterior astigmatism is the most important factor contributing to this change. Total corneal astigmatism is a better predictor than keratometric astigmatism for selecting toric intraocular lenses.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                [\n                <jats:italic>J Refract Surg.<\/jats:italic>\n                2014;30(3):192\u2013197.]\n              <\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597x-20140218-01","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T20:07:51Z","timestamp":1408478871000},"page":"192-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Age-Related Changes in Anterior, Posterior, and Total Corneal Astigmatism"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Ueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Beheregaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsuko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Oshika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.7.774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00159-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f098c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02053.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c2965f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00317-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2007.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20120911-02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.010652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181ef0dbb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00796-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01080.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200104000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Changes in corneal wavefront aberrations with aging","volume":"40","author":"Oshika T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oshika T, Klyce SD, Applegate RA, Howland HC. 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