{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:09:07Z","timestamp":1792188547716,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SLACK, Inc.","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To determine the risk factors associated with developing proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) from combat ocular injuries in U.S. service members.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PATIENTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retrospective review of associated risk factors and outcomes of PVR within the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Ocular injuries in U.S. service members wounded during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2001 to 2011 were assessed, and of these all cases of PVR were studied. Principal outcome measures were the risk factors associated with PVR development and rate of final visual acuity (VA) less than 20\/200.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Eight hundred ninety eyes of 651 U.S. service members were evaluated. A total of 76 eyes (8.5%) of 66 patients developed PVR. Five patients had bilateral PVR. Nineteen patients had bilateral eye injuries. Sixty-one eyes (80.2%) had a final VA less than 20\/200. PVR was found to be a significant risk factor for a poor final VA (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; .001). Retinal detachment (RD) was found in 52 eyes (68.4%) of patients. In patients with a RD, intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; .001), unsuccessful repair (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = .002), and macular hemorrhage (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = .04) were significant risk factors for the development of PVR. Time to initial retina surgery was not found to be a risk factor for PVR development (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = .5). Time to initial retina surgery was available in 41 patients and the time to surgery on average was 22.56 days (range: 3 to 87 days).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PVR occurs frequently in combat trauma and is a significant cause of poor final VA. In patients with PVR and RD, injuries caused by an IOFB, macular hemorrhage, or unsuccessful repair were significant risk factors for the development of PVR.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:bold>\n                [\n                <jats:italic>Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.<\/jats:italic>\n                2020;51:556\u2013563.]\n              <\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20201005-03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T15:48:48Z","timestamp":1603727328000},"page":"556-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy After Combat Ocular Trauma in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2001\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.3928","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Brendan G.","family":"Blackford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant A.","family":"Justin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heuy-Ching H.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise S.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Weichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus H.","family":"Colyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2308","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4978973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(47)91977-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(68)91524-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.62.11.737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"330","article-title":"Pigment epithelium proliferation in retinal detachment (massive periretinal proliferation)","volume":"86","author":"Machemer R","year":"1988","unstructured":"Machemer R, Laqua H. 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