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Here, we considered modeling the competition between the virus, the epithelial cells it infects, and the heterogeneous immune system with evolving activation states that induce a range of different effects on virus particles and infected cells. The subsequent numerical simulations showed different types of model outcomes: from virus elimination, to virus persistence and periodic relapse, to virus uncontrolled growth that triggers a blow-up in the fully activated immune response. The simulations also showed the existence of a threshold in the immune response that separates the regimes of higher re-infections from lower re-infections (compared to the magnitude of the first viral infection).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3934\/nhm.2024029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:07:27Z","timestamp":1719486447000},"page":"655-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["What is the in-host dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus? 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