{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:05:44Z","timestamp":1784952344073,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1470,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIMS Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article is the first of four articles designed to explore the complex interrelationship between Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD); Obsessive compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD) and Tic Disorders\/Tourette's Syndrome (TD\/TS). We begin with an overview TD\/TS and follow-up with reviews of OCRD and ASD. The final article in this series represents a synthesis of the neurobiological and genetic markers shared by patients presenting with all three syndromes. The goal is to describe the complex endophenotype of these patients in an effort to better define gene markers that underlie these heterogeneous clinical syndromes. Tic disorders (TD) are a collection of hyperkinetic movements that begin in early childhood. Tics are transient for most affected preschool children but a subgroup development persistent movements or progress to develop Tourette Syndrome (TS). TDs as a group display high heritability rates but definitive gene markers still elude us. The difficulty defining genetic markers is in large part due to the diverse neurodevelopmental trajectory, changing topography and typology, development of a broad spectrum of neurocognitive and behavioral complications, and a mixed pattern of psychiatric comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3934\/genet.2017.1.32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T06:39:12Z","timestamp":1487831952000},"page":"032-046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A search for the common ground between Tic; Obsessive-compulsive and Autism Spectrum Disorders: part I, Tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"04","author":[{"given":"Jarrett","family":"Barnhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Soda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"130","article-title":"A genome-wide scan and fine mapping in Tourette syndrome families","volume":"99","author":"D L Pauls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.06.033","article-title":"\u201cNot just right experiences\u201d in patients with Tourette syndrome: complex motor tics or compulsions?","volume":"210","author":"M Neal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"105","article-title":"Self-injurious behavior and Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"M M Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462005000100006","article-title":"Secondary tics and tourettism","volume":"27","author":"N I Mejia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282ab9941","article-title":"Co-morbidity of psychiatric disorder and medical illness in people with intellectual disabilities","volume":"20","author":"H Kwok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195306255.003.0015","article-title":"Resilience and Vulnerability to Trauma Psychobiological Mechanisms","author":"N S Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adolescent psychopathology and the developing brain: integrating brain and prevention science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30306-7","article-title":"Neuroimaging in autism","volume":"6","author":"J Piven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.016","article-title":"The genetic basis of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"P Paschou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xliv","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. 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