{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:59:52Z","timestamp":1780491592544,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MBE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2021079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T11:02:19Z","timestamp":1611918139000},"page":"1529-1549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Staged progression epidemic models for the transmission of invasive nontyphoidal &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;\/i&gt; (iNTS) with treatment"],"prefix":"10.3934","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhuolin","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78202, TX, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Hyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"University of New Mexico, Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, NM, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2321","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Crump, M. Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson, M. A. Gordon, C. M. Parry, Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections, <i>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.<\/i>, <b>28<\/b> (2015), 901-937.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. V. Uche, C. A. MacLennan, A. Saul, A systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and case fatality rates of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in Africa (1966 to 2014), <i>PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.<\/i>, <b>11<\/b> (2017), 5118.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005118"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Tack, J. Vanaenrode, J. Y. Verbakel, J. Toelen, J. Jacobs, Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment, <i>BMC Med.<\/i>, <b>18<\/b> (2020), 1-22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01652-4"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Z. Kubicek-Sutherland, D. M. Vu, A. Noormohamed, H. M. Mendez, L. R. Stromberg, C. A. Pedersen, et al., Direct detection of bacteremia by exploiting host-pathogen interactions of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, <i>Sci. Rep.<\/i>, <b>9<\/b> (2019), 6203.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42502-5"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. A. Feasey, G. Dougan, R. A. Kingsley, R. S. Heyderman, M. A. Gordon, Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: An emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa, <i>The Lancet<\/i>, <b>379<\/b> (2012), 2489-2499.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Gordon, H. T. Banda, M. Gondwe, S. B. Gordon, M. J. Boeree, A. L. Walsh, et al., Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence, <i>AIDS<\/i>, <b>16<\/b> (2002), 1633-1641.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200208160-00009"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. H. Keddy, S. Takuva, A. Musekiwa, A. J. Puren, A. Sooka, A. Karstaedt, et al., An association between decreasing incidence of invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis and increased use of antiretroviral therapy, Gauteng Province, South Africa, 2003-2013, <i>PLoS ONE<\/i>, <b>12<\/b> (2017), 173091.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173091"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. J. Gilchrist, C. A. MacLennan, Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in Africa, <i>EcoSal Plus<\/i>, <b>8<\/b> (2019), 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0007-2018"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Gordon, Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease-epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis, <i>Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>24<\/b> (2011), 484.","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a9980"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Crump, R. S. Heyderman, A perspective on invasive Salmonella disease in Africa, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>61<\/b> (2015), 235-240.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ709"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kariuki, G. Revathi, F. Gakuya, V. Yamo, J. Muyodi, C. Hart, Lack of clonal relationship between non-typhi Salmonella strain types from humans and those isolated from animals living in close contact, <i>FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.<\/i>, <b>33<\/b> (2002), 165-171.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00587.x"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kariuki, M. A. Gordon, N. Feasey, C. M. Parry, Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive salmonella disease, <i>Vaccine<\/i>, <b>33<\/b> (2015), 21-29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kariuki, G. Revathi, N. Kariuki, J. Kiiru, J. Mwituria, J. Muyodi, et al., Invasive multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa: zoonotic or anthroponotic transmission, <i>J. Med. Microbiol.<\/i>, <b>55<\/b> (2006), 585-591.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46375-0"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kariuki, C. Mbae, S. Van Puyvelde, R. Onsare, S. Kavai, C. Wairimu, et al., High relatedness of invasive multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella genotypes among patients and asymptomatic carriers in endemic informal settlements in Kenya, <i>PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.<\/i>, <b>14<\/b> (2020), 8440.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008440"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Bakach, M. R. Just, M. Gambhir, I. C.-H. Fung, Typhoid transmission: A historical perspective on mathematical model development, <i>Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.<\/i>, <b>109<\/b> (2015), 679-689.","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv075"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. H. Watson, W. J. Edmunds, A review of typhoid fever transmission dynamic models and economic evaluations of vaccination, <i>Vaccine<\/i>, <b>33<\/b> (2015), 42-54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.013"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Ivanek, E. L. Snary, A. J. Cook, Y. T. Groehn, A mathematical model for the transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium within a grower-finisher pig herd in Great Britain, <i>J. Food Prot.<\/i>, <b>67<\/b> (2004), 2403-2409.","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.11.2403"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Xiao, R. G. Bowers, D. Clancy, N. P. French, Understanding the dynamics of Salmonella infections in dairy herds: A modelling approach, <i>J. Theor. Biol.<\/i>, <b>233<\/b> (2005), 159-175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.09.015"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Chapagain, J. Van Kessel, J. Karns, D. Wolfgang, E. Hovingh, K. Nelen, et al., A mathematical model of the dynamics of Salmonella Cerro infection in a US dairy herd, <i>Epidemiol. Infect.<\/i>, <b>136<\/b> (2008), 263-272.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008400"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Grant, O. Restif, T. J. McKinley, M. Sheppard, D. J. Maskell, P. Mastroeni, Modelling within-host spatiotemporal dynamics of invasive bacterial disease, <i>PLoS Biol.<\/i>, <b>6<\/b> (2008), 74.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060074"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Manore, T. Graham, A. Carr, A. Feryn, S. Jakhar, H. Mukundan, H. C. Highlander, Modeling and cost benefit analysis to guide deployment of POC diagnostics for non-typhoidal Salmonella infections with antimicrobial resistance, <i>Sci. Rep.<\/i>, <b>9<\/b> (2019), 11245.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47359-2"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. A. Feasey, B. N. Archer, R. S. Heyderman, A. Sooka, B. Dennis, M. A. Gordon, K. H. Keddy, Typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoid salmonellosis, Malawi and South Africa, <i>Emerg. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>16<\/b> (2010), 1448.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1609.100125"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. A. Feasey, D. Everett, E. B. Faragher, A. Roca-Feltrer, A. Kang'ombe, B. Denis, et al., Modelling the contributions of malaria, HIV, malnutrition and rainfall to the decline in paediatric invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease in Malawi, <i>PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.<\/i>, <b>9<\/b> (2015), 3979.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003979"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. H. Keddy, A. Musekiwa, A. Sooka, A. Karstaedt, T. Nana, S. Seetharam, et al., Clinical and microbiological features of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella associated with HIV-infected patients, Gauteng Province, South Africa, <i>Medicine (Baltimore)<\/i>, <b>96<\/b> (2017), 6448.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006448"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Badri, S. D. Lawn, R. Wood, Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: A longitudinal study, <i>The Lancet<\/i>, <b>368<\/b> (2006), 1254-1259.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69117-4"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-26","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya demographic and health survey 2014, Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR308\/FR308.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR308\/FR308.pdf<\/a>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-27","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Analytical report on population projections, <i>Ministry of State for Planning<\/i>, <b>XIV<\/b>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Oneko, S. Kariuki, V. Muturi-Kioi, K. Otieno, V. O. Otieno, J. M. Williamson, et al., Emergence of community-acquired, multidrug-resistant invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in rural western Kenya, 2009-2013, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>61<\/b> (2015), 310-316.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ674"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Mayanja, J. Todd, P. Hughes, L. Van der Paal, J. Mugisha, E. Atuhumuza, et al., Septicaemia in a population-based HIV clinical cohort in rural Uganda, 1996-2007: Incidence, aetiology, antimicrobial drug resistance and impact of antiretroviral therapy, <i>Trop. Med. Int. Health<\/i>, <b>15<\/b> (2010), 697-705.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02528.x"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Mfueni, B. Devleesschauwer, A. Rosas-Aguirre, C. Van Malderen, P. T. Brandt, B. Ogutu, et al., True malaria prevalence in children under five: Bayesian estimation using data of malaria household surveys from three sub-Saharan countries, <i>Malar. J.<\/i>, <b>17<\/b> (2018), 65.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2211-y"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-31","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Mother-to-child transmission of HIV, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/topics\/mtct\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/topics\/mtct\/en\/<\/a> (31 July 2017)."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. C. Hung, M. N. Hung, P. R. Hsueh, S. Y. Chang, M. Y. Chen, S. M. Hsieh, et al., Risk of recurrent nontyphoid salmonella bacteremia in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy and an increasing trend of fluoroquinolone resistance, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>45<\/b> (2007), 60-67.","DOI":"10.1086\/520681"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. A. Feasey, A. Houston, M. Mukaka, D. Komrower, T. Mwalukomo, L. Tenthani, et al., A reduction in adult blood stream infection and case fatality at a large African hospital following antiretroviral therapy roll-out, <i>PLoS ONE<\/i>, <b>9<\/b> (2014), 92226.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092226"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Gordon, S. M. Graham, A. L. Walsh, L. Wilson, A. Phiri, E. Molyneux, et al., Epidemics of invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection associated with multidrug resistance among adults and children in Malawi, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>46<\/b> (2008), 963-969.","DOI":"10.1086\/529146"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Gordon, A. M. Kankwatira, G. Mwafulirwa, A. L. Walsh, M. J. Hopkins, C. M. Parry, et al., Invasive non-typhoid salmonellae establish systemic intracellular infection in HIV-infected adults: An emerging disease pathogenesis, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>50<\/b> (2010), 953-962.","DOI":"10.1086\/651080"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. C. Davenport, J. B. Hittner, V. Otieno, Z. Karim, H. Mukundan, P. W. Fenimore, et al., Reduced parasite burden in children with falciparum malaria and bacteremia coinfections: role of mediators of inflammation, <i>Mediators Inflamm.<\/i>, <b>2016<\/b> (2016), 1-14.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4286576"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. M. Novelli, J. B. Hittner, G. C. Davenport, C. Ouma, T. Were, S. Obaro, et al., Clinical predictors of severe malarial anaemia in a holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission area, <i>Br. J. Haematol.<\/i>, <b>149<\/b> (2010), 711-721.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08147.x"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Were, G. C. Davenport, J. B. Hittner, C. Ouma, J. M. Vulule, J. M. Ong'echa, D. J. Perkins, Bacteremia in Kenyan children presenting with malaria, <i>J. Clin. Microbiol.<\/i>, <b>49<\/b> (2011), 671-676.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01864-10"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Z. Kubicek-Sutherland, G. Xie, M. Shakya, P. K. Dighe, L. L. Jacobs, H. Daligault, et al., Comparative genomic and phenotypic characterization of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from Siaya, Kenya, <i>PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis<\/i>, 2020.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. Hyman, J. Li, E. A. Stanley, The differential infectivity and staged progression models for the transmission of HIV, <i>Math. Biosci.<\/i>, <b>155<\/b> (1999), 77-109.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(98)10057-3"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-41","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Analytical report on migration, <i>Ministry of State for Planning<\/i>, <b>XII<\/b>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. A. Feasey, C. Masesa, C. Jassi, E. B. Faragher, J. Mallewa, M. Mallewa, et al., Three epidemics of invasive multidrug-resistant Salmonella bloodstream infection in Blantyre, Malawi, 1998-2014, <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>61<\/b> (2015), 363-371.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ691"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2021079-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Chitnis, J. M. Hyman, J. M. Cushing, Determining important parameters in the spread of malaria through the sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model, <i>Bull. Math. Biol.<\/i>, <b>70<\/b> (2008), 1272-1296.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-008-9299-0"}],"container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimspress.com\/article\/doi\/10.3934\/mbe.2021079?viewType=html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T22:40:44Z","timestamp":1670971244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimspress.com\/article\/doi\/10.3934\/mbe.2021079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/mbe.2021079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-0018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-0018","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}