{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:47:27Z","timestamp":1787978847178,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MBE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"fr\">&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;The neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), a severe disease that can damage the heart, liver, kidney, and other vital organs, often involves the central nervous system and even leads to death. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a brain functional imaging technology that can detect the concentration of metabolites in organs and tissues non-invasively. However, the performance of early diagnosis of NPSLE through conventional MRS analysis is still unsatisfactory. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on genetic algorithm (GA) and multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to improve the performance of the NPSLE diagnosis model. Firstly, the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ($ ^{1} $H-MRS) data from 23 NPSLE patients and 16 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were standardized before training. Secondly, we adopt MARL by assigning an agent to each feature to select the optimal feature subset. Thirdly, the parameter of SVM is optimized by GA. Our experiment shows that the SVM classifier optimized by feature selection and parameter optimization achieves 94.9% accuracy, 91.3% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 0.87 cross-validation score, which is the best score compared with other state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, our method is even better than other dimension reduction ones, such as SVM based on principal component analysis (PCA) and variational autoencoder (VAE). By analyzing the metabolites obtained by MRS, we believe that this method can provide a reliable classification result for doctors and can be effectively used for the early diagnosis of this disease.&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;\/abstract&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2022104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1641291029000},"page":"2219-2239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A noise-immune reinforcement learning method for early diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3934","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guanru","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowen","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shantou University, Ministry of Education, Shantou 515063, China","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2321","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2022104-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. 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