{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T03:13:48Z","timestamp":1787454828849,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MBE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<abstract>\n <p>The maturity of human-computer interaction technology has made it possible to use surface electromyographic signals (sEMG) to control exoskeleton robots and intelligent prostheses. However, the available upper limb rehabilitation robots controlled by sEMG have the shortcoming of inflexible joints. This paper proposes a method based on a temporal convolutional network (TCN) to predict upper limb joint angles by sEMG. The raw TCN depth was expanded to extract the temporal features and save the original information. The timing sequence characteristics of the muscle blocks that dominate the upper limb movement are not apparent, leading to low accuracy of the joint angle estimation. Therefore, this study squeeze-and-excitation networks (SE-Net) to improve the network model of the TCN. Finally, seven movements of the human upper limb were selected for ten human subjects, recording elbow angle (EA), shoulder vertical angle (SVA), and shoulder horizontal angle (SHA) values during their movements. The designed experiment compared the proposed SE-TCN model with the backpropagation (BP) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The proposed SE-TCN systematically outperformed the BP network and LSTM model by the mean <italic>RMSE<\/italic> values: by 25.0 and 36.8% for EA, by 38.6 and 43.6% for SHA, and by 45.6 and 49.5% for SVA, respectively. Consequently, its <italic>R<\/italic><sup>2<\/sup> values exceeded those of BP and LSTM by 13.6 and 39.20% for EA, 19.01 and 31.72% for SHA, and 29.22 and 31.89% for SVA, respectively. This indicates that the proposed SE-TCN model has good accuracy and can be used to estimate the angles of upper limb rehabilitation robots in the future.<\/p>\n <\/abstract><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T13:59:44Z","timestamp":1670248784000},"page":"3237-3260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SE-TCN network for continuous estimation of upper limb joint angles"],"prefix":"10.3934","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunguang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2321","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3934\/mbe.2023152-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. 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