{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:41:45Z","timestamp":1774514505196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIMSE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<abstract>\n <p>Battery needs are increasing due to the exponential growth in demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy generation. These factors lead to the growing waste management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Thus, recycling or finding a second life for LIBs is a growing industry due to its environmental and economic benefits. This work compares the benefits, economic advantages and disadvantages of battery recycling, including second-life battery applications. Different reports and case studies are analyzed to define the materials that may be recovered and the efficiency of the recycling process. To understand the economics of using recycled, second use, or new LIBs, this work evaluates three distinct projects, namely residential, commercial, and solar farm storage. The investigation aims to calculate and compare the net present value (NPV) for the residential storage project and the equivalent annual cost (EAC) for each project to determine the most viable industrial process within those parameters. The data analysis demonstrated that the second-life battery project has the lowest EAC, making it the most viable industrial process. However, although the second-life battery project presents the highest NPV for the project's first 10 years, the recycled battery project shows the highest NPV for the remainder of a typical 20-year project.<\/p>\n <\/abstract><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3934\/energy.2023045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1697025250000},"page":"960-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Economic analysis of lithium-ion battery recycling"],"prefix":"10.3934","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eduardo Enrique Martinez","family":"Jorges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.N.","family":"Quintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEGIST-Centre for Management Studies of Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo M.F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"2321","reference":[{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-1","unstructured":"Tomaszewski K (2020) Lithium-ion battery recycling: Benefits and risks analyzed. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.power-technology.com\/analysis\/what-are-lithium-batteries-made-of\/#: ~: text = A%20lithium%20battery%20is%20formed, are%20stored%20in%20the%20anode<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-5","unstructured":"Flash Battery (2022) Solid-state batteries: The new frontier of electrification? Available from: https:\/\/www.flashbattery.tech\/en\/how-solid-state-batteries-work\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-6","unstructured":"Electronicsnotes (2022) Lithium Ion battery advantages & disadvantages. Available from: https:\/\/www.electronics-notes.com\/articles\/electronic_components\/battery-technology\/li-ion-lithium-ion-advantages-disadvantages.php<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hyuntae B, Youngsik K (2021) Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: A review. Mater Adv<\/i> 2: 3234\u20133250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1MA00216C","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00216C"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa C, Barbosa J, Gon\u00e7alves R, et al. (2021) Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Energy Stor Mater<\/i> 37: 433\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.02.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.02.032"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-9","unstructured":"Murray J (2019) Is the Nobel Prize-winning lithium-ion battery really having a positive impact on the environment? NS Energy<\/i>. Available from: https:\/\/www.nsenergybusiness.com\/features\/lithium-ion-battery-environmental-impact\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-10","unstructured":"Nhede N (2020) The importance of Li-ion recycling and what will drive it? Smart Energy Int.<\/i> Available from: https:\/\/www.smart-energy.com\/storage\/the-importance-of-li-ion-battery-recycling-and-what-will-drive-it\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-11","unstructured":"Hanisch C, Diekmann J, Stieger A, et al. (2015) Recycling of Lithium-ion batteries. Handbook of Clean Energy Systems, <\/i> John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118991978.hces221<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima M, Pereira L, Sarmento A, et al. (2022) Economic aspects for recycling of used Lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Energies<\/i> 15: 2203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15062203","DOI":"10.3390\/en15062203"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-13","unstructured":"Engel H, Hertzke P, Siccardo G (2019) Second-life EV batteries: The newest value pool in energy storage. Mckinsey & Company. Available from: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/automotive-and-assembly\/our-insights\/second-life-ev-batteries-the-newest-value-pool-in-energy-storage<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammed M, Woon Lee J, Ramasamy G (2021) Feasibility of utilising second life EV batteries: Applications, lifespan, economics, environmental impact, assessment, and challenges. Alex Eng J<\/i> 60: 4517\u20134536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2021.03.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2021.03.021"},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-15","unstructured":"Bhutada G (2022) Breaking down the cost of an EV battery cell. Virtual Capitalist<\/i>. Available from: https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/breaking-down-the-cost-of-an-ev-battery-cell\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-16","unstructured":"Fernando J (2021) Net Present Value (NPV) investopedia. Available from: https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/n\/npv.asp#: ~: text = NPV%20is%20the%20result%20of, a%20negative%20NPV%20are%20not<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-17","unstructured":"Kenton W (2020) Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC): What it is, how it works, examples. Available from: https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/e\/eac.asp<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-18","unstructured":"Colthorpe A (2020) Solar farm fitted with batteries to meet grid output control requirements goes online in Japan. Energy Storage News<\/i>. Available from: https:\/\/www.energy-storage.news\/solar-farm-fitted-with-batteries-to-meet-grid-output-control-requirements-goes-online-in-japan\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-19","unstructured":"Hammerschmidt C (2018) Second life for traction batteries in Amsterdam football arena. eeNews<\/i> Power Manage.<\/i> Available from: https:\/\/www.eenewseurope.com\/en\/second-life-for-traction-batteries-in-amsterdam-football-arena\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-20","unstructured":"Energy Solutions (2022) 1 kWh battery module. Available from: https:\/\/aentron.com\/products\/1kwh-batteries\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"key-10.3934\/energy.2023045-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Q, Spangenberger J, Ahmed S, et al. (2019) EverBatt: A closed-loop battery recycling cost and environmental impacts model. Argonne National Laboratory, <\/i> Technical report, United States. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1530874<\/ext-link>","DOI":"10.2172\/1530874"}],"container-title":["AIMS Energy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimspress.com\/article\/doi\/10.3934\/energy.2023045?viewType=html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T11:54:18Z","timestamp":1697025258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.aimspress.com\/article\/doi\/10.3934\/energy.2023045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/energy.2023045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2333-8334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2333-8334","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}